Gherardi Giovanni, Creti Roberta, Pompilio Arianna, Di Bonaventura Giovanni
Integrated Research Centre (CIR), University Campus Biomedico, Via Alvaro del Portillo 200, 00128 Rome, Italy.
Department of Infectious, Parasitic, and Immunomediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Margherita 299, 00161 Rome, Italy.
Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2015 Mar;81(3):219-26. doi: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2014.11.005. Epub 2014 Nov 15.
Typing of bacterial isolates has been used for decades to study local outbreaks as well as in national and international surveillances for monitoring newly emerging resistant clones. Despite being recognized as a nosocomial pathogen, the precise modes of transmission of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia in health care settings are unknown. Due to the high genetic diversity observed among S. maltophilia clinical isolates, the typing results might be better interpreted if also environmental strains were included. This could help to identify preventative measures to be designed and implemented for decreasing the possibility of outbreaks and nosocomial infections. In this review, we attempt to provide an overview on the most common typing methods used for clinical epidemiology of S. maltophilia strains, such as PCR-based fingerprinting analyses, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, multilocus variable number tandem repeat analysis, and multilocus sequence type. Application of the proteomic-based mass spectrometry by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight is also described. Improvements of typing methods already in use have to be achieved to facilitate S. maltophilia infection control at any level. In the near future, when novel Web-based platforms for rapid data processing and analysis will be available, whole genome sequencing technologies will likely become a highly powerful tool for outbreak investigations and surveillance studies in routine clinical practices.
几十年来，细菌分离株分型一直用于研究局部疫情以及国家和国际监测，以监测新出现的耐药克隆。尽管嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌被认为是一种医院病原体，但在医疗环境中其确切的传播方式尚不清楚。由于在嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌临床分离株中观察到高度的遗传多样性，如果也纳入环境菌株，分型结果可能会得到更好的解释。这有助于确定为减少疫情爆发和医院感染可能性而设计和实施的预防措施。在本综述中，我们试图概述用于嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌菌株临床流行病学的最常见分型方法，如基于PCR的指纹分析、脉冲场凝胶电泳、多位点可变数目串联重复分析和多位点序列分型。还描述了基于蛋白质组学的基质辅助激光解吸电离飞行时间质谱的应用。必须改进现有的分型方法，以促进在任何层面控制嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌感染。在不久的将来，当基于网络的新型快速数据处理和分析平台可用时，全基因组测序技术可能会成为常规临床实践中疫情调查和监测研究的强大工具。
