Fernández-Bayo Jesús D, Nogales Rogelio, Romero Esperanza
a Department of Environmental Protection, Estación Experimental del Zaidín (CSIC) , C/ Profesor Albareda, 1, Granada, Spain.
J Environ Sci Health B. 2015;50(3):190-200. doi: 10.1080/03601234.2015.982423.
Soil organic amendment addition is an effective practice in Mediterranean areas due to its associated high agricultural benefits and its potential to reduce the pesticide impact on water resources. However, their metabolites have received scarce attention, even when they may pose more risk than their parent compounds. Two winery vermicomposts obtained from spent grape marc (V1) and the mixture vine shoot-biosolid vinasses (V2) have been investigated as low cost organic amendments to minimize the leaching of diuron, imidacloprid and their metabolites in columns packed with a sandy loam (S1) and a silty-clay loam soil (S2) under steady state flow conditions. In the unamended soil columns, leached amounts of diuron were 75% and 53% in S1 and S2, respectively. Its metabolites (3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1-methylurea, DPMU; and 3,4-dichlorophenylurea, DPU) percolated less than 35% of the total applied amount. The amount of the metabolite 3,4-dichloroaniline (DCA) was 2% and 30% for S1 and S2, respectively. Leaching of imidacloprid was 79% and 96% for S1 and S2, respectively, while its metabolite 6-chloronicotinic acid (CNA) was entirely leached. In the vermicompost-amended columns, the leaching of diuron was reduced 2 to 3-fold. DPMU and DPU were also significantly reduced (more than 6-fold). DCA did not appear in any of the leachates of the amended soil columns. Imidacloprid leaching was reduced 1 to 2-folds in the amended columns. The amendments did not affect the transport of CNA. The dissolved organic carbon (DOC) from the vermicomposts did not enhance pesticide transport throughout the soil in any case. This qualitative study presents these vermicomposts as an effective potential low-cost tool in reducing pesticide and metabolite leaching. The next step would be to test them under more realistic conditions.
在地中海地区，添加土壤有机改良剂是一种有效的做法，因为它带来了较高的农业效益，并有可能减少农药对水资源的影响。然而，即使它们的代谢物可能比其母体化合物带来更大的风险，它们受到的关注却很少。研究了两种从废葡萄渣（V1）和葡萄枝条-生物固体酒糟混合物（V2）中获得的酒厂蚯蚓堆肥，作为低成本的有机改良剂，以在稳态流动条件下，将敌草隆、吡虫啉及其代谢物在装有砂壤土（S1）和粉质粘壤土（S2）的柱中的淋溶降至最低。在未添加改良剂的土壤柱中，敌草隆在S1和S2中的淋溶量分别为75%和53%。其代谢物（3-(3,4-二氯苯基)-1-甲基脲，DPMU；和3,4-二氯苯基脲，DPU）的渗滤量不到总施用量的35%。代谢物3,4-二氯苯胺（DCA）在S1和S2中的量分别为2%和30%。吡虫啉在S1和S2中的淋溶量分别为79%和96%，而其代谢物6-氯烟酸（CNA）则全部被淋溶。在添加蚯蚓堆肥的柱中，敌草隆的淋溶减少了2至3倍。DPMU和DPU也显著减少（超过6倍）。DCA在添加改良剂的土壤柱的任何淋滤液中均未出现。在添加改良剂的柱中，吡虫啉的淋溶减少了1至2倍。改良剂不影响CNA的迁移。在任何情况下，蚯蚓堆肥中的溶解有机碳（DOC）都不会增加农药在整个土壤中的迁移。这项定性研究表明，这些蚯蚓堆肥是减少农药和代谢物淋溶的一种有效的潜在低成本工具。下一步将在更实际的条件下对它们进行测试。
