Johnson Zachary, Brent Linda, Alvarenga Juan Carlos, Comuzzie Anthony G, Shelledy Wendy, Ramirez Stephanie, Cox Laura, Mahaney Michael C, Huang Yung-Yu, Mann J John, Kaplan Jay R, Rogers Jeffrey
Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
Behav Genet. 2015 Mar;45(2):215-27. doi: 10.1007/s10519-014-9702-6. Epub 2015 Jan 21.
Behavioral variation within and between populations and species of the genus Papio has been studied extensively, but little is known about the genetic causes of individual- or population-level differences. This study investigates the influence of genetic variation on personality (sometimes referred to as temperament) in baboons and identifies a candidate gene partially responsible for the variation in that phenotype. To accomplish these goals, we examined individual variation in response to both novel objects and an apparent novel social partner (using a mirror test) among pedigreed baboons (n = 578) from the Southwest National Primate Research Center. We investigated the frequency and duration of individual behaviors in response to novel objects and used multivariate factor analysis to identify trait-like dimensions of personality. Exploratory factor analysis identified two distinct dimensions of personality within this population. Factor 1 accounts for 46.8 % of the variance within the behavioral matrix, and consists primarily of behaviors related to the "boldness" of the subject. Factor 2 accounts for 18.8 % of the variation, and contains several "anxiety" like behaviors. Several specific behaviors, and the two personality factors, were significantly heritable, with the factors showing higher heritability than most individual behaviors. Subsequent analyses show that the behavioral reactions observed in the test protocol are associated with animals' social behavior observed later in their home social groups. Finally we used linkage analysis to map quantitative trait loci for the measured phenotypes. Single nucleotide polymorphisms in a positional candidate gene (SNAP25) are associated with variation in one of the personality factors, and CSF levels of homovanillic acid and 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol. This study documents heritable variation in personality among baboons and suggests that sequence variation in SNAP25 may influence differences in behavior and neurochemistry in these nonhuman primates.
对狒狒属种群内部以及不同种群和物种之间的行为差异已进行了广泛研究，但对于个体或种群水平差异的遗传原因却知之甚少。本研究调查了遗传变异对狒狒个性（有时称为气质）的影响，并确定了一个对该表型变异部分负责的候选基因。为实现这些目标，我们研究了来自西南国家灵长类动物研究中心的纯种狒狒（n = 578）对新物体和一个看似新的社会伙伴（使用镜子测试）的反应中的个体差异。我们调查了对新物体做出反应的个体行为的频率和持续时间，并使用多变量因子分析来确定个性的特质维度。探索性因子分析在该种群中确定了两个不同的个性维度。因子1占行为矩阵中方差的46.8%，主要由与主体“大胆”相关的行为组成。因子2占变异的18.8%，包含几种类似“焦虑”的行为。几种特定行为以及这两个人格因子具有显著的遗传性，这些因子的遗传性高于大多数个体行为。后续分析表明，在测试方案中观察到的行为反应与动物在其家庭社会群体中稍后观察到的社会行为相关。最后，我们使用连锁分析来绘制所测量表型的数量性状位点。一个位置候选基因（SNAP25）中的单核苷酸多态性与其中一个个性因子的变异以及高香草酸和3-甲氧基-4-羟基苯乙二醇的脑脊液水平相关。本研究记录了狒狒个性中的遗传变异，并表明SNAP25中的序列变异可能影响这些非人类灵长类动物的行为和神经化学差异。
