Tahir N A, Burkart F, Shutov A, Schmidt R, Wollmann D, Piriz A R
GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Planckstraße 1, DE-64291 Darmstadt, Germany.
CERN-AB, CH-1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland and University of Frankfurt, DE-60323 Frankfort, Germany.
Phys Rev E Stat Nonlin Soft Matter Phys. 2014 Dec;90(6):063112. doi: 10.1103/PhysRevE.90.063112. Epub 2014 Dec 18.
In a recent publication [Schmidt et al., Phys. Plasmas 21, 080701 (2014)], we reported results on beam-target interaction experiments that have been carried out at the CERN HiRadMat (High Radiation to Materials) facility using extended solid copper cylindrical targets that were irradiated with a 440-GeV proton beam delivered by the Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS). On the one hand, these experiments confirmed the existence of hydrodynamic tunneling of the protons that leads to substantial increase in the range of the protons and the corresponding hadron shower in the target, a phenomenon predicted by our previous theoretical investigations [Tahir et al., Phys. Rev. ST Accel. Beams 25, 051003 (2012)]. On the other hand, these experiments demonstrated that the beam heated part of the target is severely damaged and is converted into different phases of high energy density (HED) matter, as suggested by our previous theoretical studies [Tahir et al., Phys. Rev. E 79, 046410 (2009)]. The latter confirms that the HiRadMat facility can be used to study HED physics. In the present paper, we give details of the numerical simulations carried out to understand the experimental measurements. These include the evolution of the physical parameters, for example, density, temperature, pressure, and the internal energy in the target, during and after the irradiation. This information is important in order to determine the region of the HED phase diagram that can be accessed in such experiments. These simulations have been done using the energy deposition code fluka and a two-dimensional hydrodynamic code, big2, iteratively.
在最近的一篇出版物[施密特等人，《物理等离子体》21, 080701 (2014)]中，我们报告了在欧洲核子研究中心的高辐射与材料（HiRadMat）设施上进行的束流 - 靶相互作用实验结果，该实验使用了由超级质子同步加速器（SPS）提供的440 GeV质子束照射的实心铜圆柱靶。一方面，这些实验证实了质子存在流体动力学隧穿，这导致质子在靶中的射程以及相应的强子簇射大幅增加，这是我们之前的理论研究[塔希尔等人，《物理评论快报 - 加速器与束流》25, 051003 (2012)]所预测的现象。另一方面，这些实验表明靶中被束流加热的部分受到严重破坏，并转变为不同相的高能量密度（HED）物质，正如我们之前的理论研究[塔希尔等人，《物理评论E》79, 046410 (2009)]所表明的那样。后者证实了HiRadMat设施可用于研究HED物理。在本文中，我们详细介绍了为理解实验测量结果而进行的数值模拟。这些模拟包括在辐照期间和之后靶中物理参数（例如密度、温度、压力和内能）的演变。这些信息对于确定在此类实验中可达到的HED相图区域很重要。这些模拟是使用能量沉积代码fluka和二维流体动力学代码big2迭代完成的。
