Vandeberg Gregory S, Dixon Cami S, Vose Brian, Fisher Mark R
Department of Geography, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, 58202, USA,
Environ Monit Assess. 2015 Feb;187(2):40. doi: 10.1007/s10661-014-4222-7. Epub 2015 Jan 30.
Runoff from concentrated animal feeding operations and croplands in the Upper Devils Lake Basin (Towner and Ramsey Counties), North Dakota, has the potential to impact the water quality and wildlife of the Lake Alice National Wildlife Refuge. Water samples were collected at eight locations upstream and downstream of the refuge, beginning in June 2007 through March 2011, to identify the spatial distribution of water quality parameters and assess the potential impacts from the upstream land use practices. Geographic Information Systems, statistical analysis, and regulatory standards were used to differentiate between sample locations, and identify potential impacts to water quality for the refuge based on 20 chemical constituents. Kruskal-Wallis analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed significant differences between sample locations based on boron, calcium, Escherichia coli, phosphorus, aluminum, manganese, and nickel. Hierarchical agglomerative cluster analysis of these constituents identified four distinct water quality groupings in the study area. Furthermore, this study found a significant positive correlation between the nutrient measures of nitrate-nitrite and total Kjeldahl nitrogen, and the percentage of concentrated animal feeding operation nutrient management areas using the non-parametric Spearman rho method. Significant correlations were also noted between total organic carbon and nearness to concentrated animal feeding operations. Finally, dissolved oxygen, pH, sulfate, E. coli, total phosphorus, nitrate-nitrite, and aluminum exceeded state of North Dakota and/or US Environmental Protection Agency water quality standards and/or guidelines. Elevated concentrations of phosphorus, nitrate-nitrite, and E. coli from upstream sources likely have the greatest potential impact on the Lake Alice Refuge.
北达科他州上魔鬼湖流域（托纳县和拉姆齐县）的集约化动物饲养场和农田径流，有可能影响爱丽丝湖国家野生动物保护区的水质和野生动物。从2007年6月至2011年3月，在该保护区上下游的八个地点采集了水样，以确定水质参数的空间分布，并评估上游土地利用方式可能产生的影响。利用地理信息系统、统计分析和监管标准来区分采样地点，并根据20种化学成分确定对该保护区水质的潜在影响。Kruskal-Wallis方差分析显示，基于硼、钙、大肠杆菌、磷、铝、锰和镍，采样地点之间存在显著差异。对这些成分进行的层次凝聚聚类分析确定了研究区域内四个不同的水质分组。此外，本研究使用非参数Spearman秩相关法发现，硝酸盐-亚硝酸盐和凯氏总氮的养分指标与集约化动物饲养场养分管理区域的百分比之间存在显著正相关。总有机碳与靠近集约化动物饲养场的距离之间也存在显著相关性。最后，溶解氧、pH值、硫酸盐、大肠杆菌、总磷、硝酸盐-亚硝酸盐和铝超过了北达科他州和/或美国环境保护局的水质标准和/或指导方针。上游来源的磷、硝酸盐-亚硝酸盐和大肠杆菌浓度升高，可能对爱丽丝湖保护区产生最大的潜在影响。
