Mohammadi Ghaleni M, Ebrahimi K
Water Resources Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran,
Environ Monit Assess. 2015 Feb;187(2):35. doi: 10.1007/s10661-014-4243-2. Epub 2015 Jan 30.
Quantity and quality distribution of surface water and groundwater are changing under the impacts of both climate variability and human activities. The main goal of this paper is to evaluate the abovementioned impacts on the water resources in the Saveh plain, central Iran. To achieve this aim, spatial and temporal changes of the surface and groundwater quality and quantity have been analyzed, using hydrometric and meteorological data. The nonparametric Mann-Kendall test was used to identify trends and change points in the annual rainfall and runoff for the period of 1946 to 2011. In order to analyze the impacts of the Saveh Dam on runoff, the dam operation year, 1994, was considered as a change point. Mann-Kendall test results show that rainfall time series was divided into two parts, namely, 1966-1989 and 1990-2007, and averages of annual rainfall in five stations increase from 10 to 21 %. Also, runoff time series was divided into two parts, namely, 1946-1995 and 1996-2007 and averages of annual runoff in four stations decrease from 8 to 83 %. Results show that rainfall changes in Shahabasi, Razin, Jalayer, Emamabad, and Ahmadabad stations increased from 9 to 33 % before and after 1994. Nevertheless, runoff decreased from 24 to 81 %. The results indicate that the greatest lack of runoff between stations is at Shahabasi station and one important reason for the severe lack is operation of the Saveh Dam in 1994. Highest groundwater level decline, about 168.67 cm, occurred in 1994 that is the operation year of the Saveh Dam. Trend analysis of surface water quality show that electrical conductivity increased 957.34 μmho/cm before and after 1994. Also, the Wilcox water quality classification method has been reduced from C3-S1 to C4-S2. Average groundwater electrical conductivity (EC) during 1999-2003 and 2004-2009 increased to 89.6 μmho/cm. Also, the groundwater quality indices for agricultural usages are classified in four classes including, C4-S2 16, C4-S1 46, C3-S1 30, and C2-S1 8 % of the total aquifer area. In conclusion, in order to have a sustainable development, the effects of water projects on environment and water resources need to be predicted very carefully.
在气候变化和人类活动的双重影响下，地表水和地下水的数量与质量分布正在发生变化。本文的主要目标是评估上述因素对伊朗中部萨韦赫平原水资源的影响。为实现这一目标，利用水文和气象数据，分析了地表水和地下水质量与数量的时空变化。采用非参数曼-肯德尔检验来确定1946年至2011年期间年降雨量和径流量的趋势及变化点。为分析萨韦赫大坝对径流的影响，将大坝运行年份1994年视为一个变化点。曼-肯德尔检验结果表明，降雨时间序列分为两个部分，即1966 - 1989年和1990 - 2007年，五个站点的年平均降雨量增加了10%至21%。同样，径流时间序列分为两个部分，即1946 - 1995年和1996 - 2007年，四个站点的年平均径流量减少了8%至83%。结果表明，1994年前后，沙哈巴西、拉津、贾拉尔、伊玛目阿巴德和艾哈迈德阿巴德站点的降雨量变化从9%增加到33%。然而，径流量却从24%减少到81%。结果表明，各站点之间径流缺乏最严重的是沙哈巴西站，严重缺乏的一个重要原因是1994年萨韦赫大坝的运行。1994年，即萨韦赫大坝运行年份，地下水位下降幅度最大，约为168.67厘米。地表水水质趋势分析表明，1994年前后电导率增加了957.34微姆欧/厘米。此外，威尔科克斯水质分类方法从C3 - S1降至C4 - S2。1999 - 2003年和2004 - 2009年期间，地下水平均电导率（EC）增加到89.6微姆欧/厘米。此外，农业用水的地下水质量指数分为四类，分别占总含水层面积的16%为C4 - S2、46%为C4 - S1、30%为C3 - S1和8%为C2 - S1。总之，为了实现可持续发展，需要非常谨慎地预测水利工程对环境和水资源的影响。
