UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Department of Economics, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany.
UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Department of Economics, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; European University Viadrina, Professorship in International Environmental Economics, Postfach 1786, 15207 Frankfurt (Oder), Germany.
J Environ Manage. 2015 Apr 15;153:11-24. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2015.01.040. Epub 2015 Jan 31.
The EU Soil Thematic Strategy calls for the application of sustainability concepts and methods as part of an integrated policy to prevent soil degradation and to increase the re-use of brownfields. Although certain general principles have been proposed for the evaluation of sustainable development, the practical application of sustainability assessment tools (SATs) is contingent on the actual requirements of tool users, e.g. planners or investors, to pick up such instruments in actual decision making. We examine the normative sustainability principles that need to be taken into account in order to make sound land-use decisions between new development on greenfield sites and the regeneration of brownfields - and relate these principles to empirically observed user requirements and the properties of available SATs. In this way we provide an overview of approaches to sustainability assessment. Three stylized approaches, represented in each case by a typical tool selected from the literature, are presented and contrasted with (1) the norm-oriented Bellagio sustainability principles and (2) the requirements of three different stakeholder groups: decision makers, scientists/experts and representatives of the general public. The paper disentangles some of the inevitable trade-offs involved in seeking to implement sustainable land-use planning, i.e. between norm orientation and holism, broad participation and effective communication. It concludes with the controversial assessment that there are no perfect tools and that to be meaningful the user requirements of decision makers must take precedence over those of other interest groups in the design of SATs.
欧盟土壤专题战略呼吁将可持续性概念和方法应用于综合政策中，以防止土壤退化和增加棕地的再利用。虽然已经提出了某些可持续发展的一般原则，但可持续性评估工具（SAT）的实际应用取决于工具使用者的实际要求，例如规划者或投资者，以便在实际决策中使用这些工具。我们研究了在新的绿地开发和棕地再生之间做出合理土地利用决策时需要考虑的规范性可持续性原则，并将这些原则与经验观察到的用户要求和现有 SAT 的特性联系起来。通过这种方式，我们提供了对可持续性评估方法的概述。本文介绍了三种风格化的方法，每种方法都通过从文献中选择的典型工具来代表，并与（1）面向规范的贝拉焦可持续性原则和（2）三个不同利益相关者群体的要求进行了对比：决策者、科学家/专家和公众代表。本文阐明了在寻求实施可持续土地利用规划时所涉及的一些不可避免的权衡，即规范性和整体性、广泛参与和有效沟通之间的权衡。本文最后得出一个有争议的结论，即没有完美的工具，并且在设计 SAT 时，决策者的用户要求必须优先于其他利益集团的要求，才有意义。
