From the Department of Agricultural and Food Science, University of Naples "Federico II," Portici (NA), Italy (PV, IM, RF, DE, ALS, and VF); the Departments of Clinical Medicine and Surgery (AAR) and Public Health (LS), University of Naples "Federico II," Napoli, Italy; Institute of Food Science, National Research Council, Avellino, Italy (RG); Graduate Program in Biophysical Sciences (SMG) and Department of Ecology and Evolution (JAG), University of Chicago, Chicago, IL; Institute for Genomics and Systems Biology, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL (SMG and JAG); General Mills Bell Institute of Health and Nutrition, Minneapolis, MN (SJ); Cereal Partners Worldwide S.A., Lausanne, Switzerland (FT); and Centro Diagnostico San Ciro, Portici, Italy (MAG).
Am J Clin Nutr. 2015 Feb;101(2):251-61. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.114.088120. Epub 2014 Dec 3.
BACKGROUND: Epidemiology associates whole-grain (WG) consumption with several health benefits. Mounting evidence suggests that WG wheat polyphenols play a role in mechanisms underlying health benefits. OBJECTIVE: The objective was to assess circulating concentration, excretion, and the physiologic role of WG wheat polyphenols in subjects with suboptimal dietary and lifestyle behaviors. DESIGN: A placebo-controlled, parallel-group randomized trial with 80 healthy overweight/obese subjects with low intake of fruit and vegetables and sedentary lifestyle was performed. Participants replaced precise portions of refined wheat (RW) with a fixed amount of selected WG wheat or RW products for 8 wk. At baseline and every 4 wk, blood, urine, feces, and anthropometric and body composition measures were collected. Profiles of phenolic acids in biological samples, plasma markers of metabolic disease and inflammation, and fecal microbiota composition were assessed. RESULTS: WG consumption for 4-8 wk determined a 4-fold increase in serum dihydroferulic acid (DHFA) and a 2-fold increase in fecal ferulic acid (FA) compared with RW consumption (no changes). Similarly, urinary FA at 8 wk doubled the baseline concentration only in WG subjects. Concomitant reduction in plasma tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) after 8 wk and increased interleukin (IL)-10 only after 4 wk with WG compared with RW (P = 0.04) were observed. No significant change in plasma metabolic disease markers over the study period was observed, but a trend toward lower plasma plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 with higher excretion of FA and DHFA in the WG group was found. Fecal FA was associated with baseline low Bifidobacteriales and Bacteroidetes abundances, whereas after WG consumption, it correlated with increased Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes but reduced Clostridium. TNF-α reduction correlated with increased Bacteroides and Lactobacillus. No effect of dietary interventions on anthropometric measurements and body composition was found. CONCLUSIONS: WG wheat consumption significantly increased excreted FA and circulating DHFA. Bacterial communities influenced fecal FA and were modified by WG wheat consumption. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01293175.
背景：流行病学将全麦（WG）的摄入与多种健康益处联系起来。越来越多的证据表明，WG 小麦多酚在健康益处的机制中发挥作用。 目的：本研究旨在评估在饮食和生活方式不佳的人群中，WG 小麦多酚的循环浓度、排泄量和生理作用。 设计：这是一项安慰剂对照、平行组随机试验，纳入 80 名超重/肥胖、水果和蔬菜摄入量低、生活方式久坐的健康受试者。参与者用选定的 WG 小麦或 RW 产品替代精确份量的精制小麦（RW），为期 8 周。在基线和每 4 周时，收集血液、尿液、粪便、人体测量和身体成分测量数据。评估生物样本中酚酸谱、代谢疾病和炎症的血浆标志物以及粪便微生物群落组成。 结果：与 RW 相比，连续 4-8 周摄入 WG 可使血清二氢阿魏酸（DHFA）增加 4 倍，粪便阿魏酸（FA）增加 2 倍（无变化）。同样，只有 WG 组在 8 周时尿液 FA 是基线浓度的两倍。与 RW 相比，8 周后血浆肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）降低，4 周后白细胞介素（IL）-10 增加（P = 0.04）。研究期间，血浆代谢疾病标志物无显著变化，但 WG 组 FA 和 DHFA 排泄量增加时，血浆纤溶酶原激活物抑制剂 1 呈下降趋势。粪便 FA 与基线双歧杆菌和拟杆菌丰度较低有关，而 WG 摄入后，与双歧杆菌和厚壁菌门增加、梭菌减少有关。TNF-α减少与双歧杆菌和乳杆菌增加有关。饮食干预对人体测量和身体成分无影响。 结论：WG 小麦的摄入显著增加了粪便 FA 和循环 DHFA 的排泄。细菌群落影响粪便 FA，并受 WG 小麦摄入的影响。该试验在 clinicaltrials.gov 上注册为 NCT01293175。
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