Carr Phyllis L, Gunn Christine M, Kaplan Samantha A, Raj Anita, Freund Karen M
1 Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital , Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
J Womens Health (Larchmt). 2015 Mar;24(3):190-9. doi: 10.1089/jwh.2014.4848. Epub 2015 Feb 6.
Women have entered academic medicine in significant numbers for 4 decades and now comprise 20% of full-time faculty. Despite this, women have not reached senior positions in parity with men. We sought to explore the gender climate in academic medicine as perceived by representatives to the Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC) Group on Women in Medicine and Science (GWIMS) and Group on Diversity and Inclusion (GDI).
We conducted a qualitative analysis of semistructured telephone interviews with GWIMS and GDI representatives and other senior leaders at 24 randomly selected medical schools of the 1995 National Faculty Study. All were in the continental United States, balanced for public/private status and AAMC geographic region. Interviews were audiotaped, transcribed, and organized into content areas before an inductive thematic analysis was conducted. Themes that were expressed by multiple informants were studied for patterns of association.
Five themes were identified: (1) a perceived wide spectrum in gender climate; (2) lack of parity in rank and leadership by gender; (3) lack of retention of women in academic medicine (the "leaky pipeline"); (4) lack of gender equity in compensation; and (5) a disproportionate burden of family responsibilities and work-life balance on women's career progression.
Key informants described improvements in the climate of academic medicine for women as modest. Medical schools were noted to vary by department in the gender experience of women, often with no institutional oversight. Our findings speak to the need for systematic review by medical schools and by accrediting organizations to achieve gender equity in academic medicine.
四十年来，大量女性进入学术医学领域，目前占全职教员的20%。尽管如此，女性尚未与男性平等地担任高级职位。我们试图探讨美国医学院协会（AAMC）医学与科学领域女性小组（GWIMS）和多样性与包容性小组（GDI）的代表所感知的学术医学中的性别氛围。
我们对1995年全国教员研究中随机选取的24所医学院的GWIMS和GDI代表以及其他高级领导人进行了半结构化电话访谈的定性分析。所有学校均位于美国大陆，在公立/私立性质和AAMC地理区域方面保持平衡。访谈进行录音、转录，并在进行归纳主题分析之前整理成内容领域。对多位受访者表达的主题进行关联模式研究。
确定了五个主题：（1）感知到的性别氛围范围广泛；（2）性别在职级和领导地位上缺乏平等；（3）学术医学领域女性留存率低（“人才流失管道”）；（4）薪酬方面缺乏性别平等；（5）家庭责任以及工作与生活平衡对女性职业发展的负担过重。
关键信息提供者称学术医学领域对女性的氛围改善不大。医学院各部门在女性的性别体验方面存在差异，且往往缺乏机构监督。我们的研究结果表明医学院和认证组织需要进行系统审查，以实现学术医学中的性别平等。
