Trojanowska Anna
Kwart Hist Nauki Tech. 2014;59(3):81-104.
In the second half of the 19th century, the economic changes, industrial development and migration of the population from rural to urban areas in Europe, there was an increasing demand for cheap foodstuffs, which contributed to the growth of mass food production, as well as to the increase in adulteration of foodstuffs. In the Kingdom of Poland, the research on this problem was conducted by a Warsaw pharmacist and chemist, Alfons Bukowski (1858-1921), the author of the first Polish textbook on bromatology Podrqcznik do badania pokarmów (1884) ("A manual for food testing"). The methods and results of his research were published in magazines, among others, in "WiadomoSci Farmaceutyczne" ("Pharmasist News"), "Zdrowie" ("The Health") and "Czasopisma Towarzystwa Aptekarskiego" ("Journals of the Pharmasist Association"). He paid attention to the social noxiousness of the adulterations, indicating that it is especially the poor people, who buy the cheapest products that are particularly vulnerable to adulteration of foodstuffs. In this paper, there have been presented selected issues related to adulteratibn of food products, issues to which Bukowski paid particular attention, and which were significantly affected by contemporary development of food chemistry, among other the development of methods of chemical and microscopic analysis and the generation of new surrogates, which replaced the natural food products.
19世纪下半叶，欧洲发生了经济变革、工业发展以及人口从农村向城市的迁移，对廉价食品的需求不断增加，这推动了大规模食品生产的增长，也导致了食品掺假现象的增多。在波兰王国，华沙药剂师兼化学家阿尔方斯·布科夫斯基（1858 - 1921）对这一问题展开了研究，他是波兰第一本食品科学教科书《Podrqcznik do badania pokarmów》（1884年，意为《食品检测手册》）的作者。他的研究方法和成果发表在诸多杂志上，比如《WiadomoSci Farmaceutyczne》（《药剂师新闻》）、《Zdrowie》（《健康》）以及《Czasopisma Towarzystwa Aptekarskiego》（《药剂师协会杂志》）。他关注到掺假行为对社会的危害，指出尤其是穷人，购买最便宜产品的他们特别容易受到食品掺假的影响。本文呈现了与食品掺假相关的一些特定问题，这些是布科夫斯基特别关注的问题，并且受到当时食品化学发展的显著影响，尤其是化学和微观分析方法的发展以及新替代品的产生，这些替代品取代了天然食品。
