Aquatic Ecology and Water Quality Management Group, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands; IMARES - Institute for Marine Resources & Ecosystem Studies, Wageningen UR, P.O. Box 68, 1970 AB IJmuiden, The Netherlands.
Aquatic Ecology and Water Quality Management Group, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands.
Sci Total Environ. 2015 Dec 1;535:141-9. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.02.032. Epub 2015 Feb 14.
Our understanding of the environmental fate and effects of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) is in a state of fast transition. Recent scientific developments open new and powerful perspectives to define a framework for the prognostic risk assessment of ENMs in aquatic ecosystems. This requires abandoning the reductionist's approach of mechanistic analysis on particle or cellular scales and calls for engineering solutions that deal with uncertainties by applying assessment factors and probabilistic approaches. An ecological risk assessment (ERA) framework for ENMs is similar to that for other classes of substances, in that it requires clear protection goals based on ecosystem services, evidence-based concepts that link exposure to effects, and a transparent tiered effect assessment. Here, we discuss approaches to assess exposure and effects of ENMs. This includes recent developments in ENP fate modeling that greatly expanded the potential of prognostic exposure assessments. For the effect assessment, we advise a cost-effective screening based on principles of read-across as a conservative first tier. The feasibility of using species sensitivity distributions as a higher tier option is discussed. Controlled model ecosystem field experiments are proposed as a highest experimental tier, and are required for the calibration of the lower tiers. An outlook to unify information from various tiers by experimental work, fate modeling, and effect modeling as cost-effective prognostic tools for the ERA of ENMs is provided.
我们对工程纳米材料（ENMs）的环境归宿和影响的理解正处于快速转变的状态。最近的科学发展为定义水生生态系统中 ENMs 预后风险评估框架开辟了新的有力视角。这需要摒弃在颗粒或细胞尺度上进行机械分析的还原论方法，并呼吁通过应用评估因素和概率方法来解决不确定性的工程解决方案。ENMs 的生态风险评估 (ERA) 框架与其他物质类别类似，因为它需要基于生态系统服务的明确保护目标、将暴露与效应联系起来的基于证据的概念，以及透明的分层效应评估。在这里，我们讨论了评估 ENMs 暴露和效应的方法。这包括最近在 ENP 命运建模方面的发展，这些发展极大地扩展了预后暴露评估的潜力。对于效应评估，我们建议基于同源性原理进行具有成本效益的筛选，作为保守的第一级。还讨论了使用物种敏感性分布作为更高层次选项的可行性。提出了受控模型生态系统野外实验作为最高实验层次，并且需要进行校准以进行较低层次的实验。提供了一种通过实验工作、命运建模和效应建模将来自不同层次的信息统一为具有成本效益的 ENMs ERA 预后工具的展望。
