Ehsan Amimul M, Geurden Thomas, Casaert Stijn, Parvin Sonia M, Islam Taohidul M, Ahmed Uddin M, Levecke Bruno, Vercruysse Jozef, Claerebout Edwin
Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium; Department of Medicine, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh.
Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium.
PLoS One. 2015 Feb 19;10(2):e0118239. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0118239. eCollection 2015.
Giardia and Cryptosporidium are important causes of diarrhoea in Bangladesh. The high prevalence of both parasites in humans and cattle in rural Bangladesh and the common use of water ponds by village inhabitants and their animals suggest a potential for zoonotic transmission. Direct transmission of Giardia and Cryptosporidium between cattle and their handlers and indirect transmission through water ponds was investigated. Faecal/stool samples were collected from 623 calves and 125 calf handlers in a cross-sectional survey. In two villages, water samples were collected monthly from water ponds and faecal/stool samples were collected monthly from inhabitants and their cattle. Giardia cysts and Cryptosporidium oocysts were detected in water samples and in faecal/stool samples and positive samples were genotyped, to determine their human or animal origin. The prevalence of Giardia and Cryptosporidium in calves was 22% and 5% respectively. In calf handlers, the prevalence of Giardia and Cryptosporidium was 11.2% and 3.2% respectively. Both in the cross-sectional survey and in the longitudinal study in the villages, G. duodenalis assemblage E was most prevalent in calves, while in humans assemblage AII, BIII and BIV were found. In cattle, Cryptosporidium parvum, C. bovis and C. andersoni were identified, but no Cryptosporidium sequences were obtained from humans. Giardia and Cryptosporidium were detected in 14/24 and 12/24 water samples respectively. G. duodenalis assemblage E and BIV (-like), as well as C. andersoni and C. hominis were identified. Although the presence of Giardia and Cryptosporidium in both water ponds suggests that water-borne transmission of Giardia and Cryptosporidium is possible, the genotyping results indicate that there is no significant direct or indirect (water-borne) transmission of Giardia between cattle and people in this area of rural Bangladesh. No conclusions could be drawn for Cryptosporidium, because of the low number of sequences that were obtained from human and water samples.
贾第虫和隐孢子虫是孟加拉国腹泻的重要病因。在孟加拉国农村地区，这两种寄生虫在人和牛中的高流行率，以及村民及其家畜对水塘的共同使用，提示了人畜共患病传播的可能性。对贾第虫和隐孢子虫在牛及其饲养者之间的直接传播以及通过水塘的间接传播进行了调查。在一项横断面调查中，从623头小牛和125名小牛饲养者那里采集了粪便样本。在两个村庄，每月从水塘采集水样，每月从居民及其牛群采集粪便样本。在水样和粪便样本中检测到贾第虫包囊和隐孢子虫卵囊，并对阳性样本进行基因分型，以确定其人类或动物来源。小牛中贾第虫和隐孢子虫的流行率分别为22%和5%。在小牛饲养者中，贾第虫和隐孢子虫的流行率分别为11.2%和3.2%。在横断面调查和村庄的纵向研究中，十二指肠贾第虫E型在小牛中最为普遍，而在人类中发现了AII型、BIII型和BIV型。在牛中，鉴定出了微小隐孢子虫、牛隐孢子虫和安氏隐孢子虫，但未从人类获得隐孢子虫序列。分别在14/24和12/24的水样中检测到贾第虫和隐孢子虫。鉴定出了十二指肠贾第虫E型和BIV型（类似型），以及安氏隐孢子虫和人隐孢子虫。尽管两个水塘中都存在贾第虫和隐孢子虫表明贾第虫和隐孢子虫通过水传播是可能的，但基因分型结果表明，在孟加拉国农村的这一地区，牛和人之间不存在贾第虫的显著直接或间接（水传播）传播。由于从人类和水样中获得的序列数量较少，因此无法对隐孢子虫得出结论。
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