Beta blockers in heart failure haemodynamics, clinical effects and modes of action.

Treatment for heart failure may be directed at relieving symptoms and/or improving prognosis. One of the primary aims of research in heart failure is to alter the progressive decline in pump function and thereby improve prognosis. For many years, diuretics have been known as therapeutics in heart failure and they are very effective in symptom relief. Vasodilators and inotropes also have beneficial effects on symptom relief especially in the acute phase through changes in cardiac output, filling pressures and renal perfusion. However, although these treatments produce short-term relief, none have been shown to influence the disease process and thereby improve mortality. Indeed, many of these drugs may even lead to untoward long-term clinical outcomes as has been shown for example for milrinone and ibopamine. There is overwhelming evidence that drugs interfering with the neurohormonal activation in heart failure not only produce symptomatic relief but are also capable of attenuating disease progression with concomitant reductions in both morbidity and mortality. About a decade ago, convincing and large-scale evidence showed that ACE inhibitors produced favourable effects by antagonising the activated renin-angiotensin system. More recently, β-blockers, which antagonise the activated sympathetic system, were shown to be beneficial in the long term in moderate severe heart failure in terms of significant improvements in both morbidity and mortality. The RALES study further amplified the concept that drugs that interact in the neurohormonal system have beneficial effects. In this study, spironolactone, a weak, potassium-sparing diuretic counteracting aldosterone showed a reduction in mortality in more severe forms of heart failure.