Mittenberg A G
Tsitologiia. 2014;56(5):331-9.
26S proteasome is a highly specialized evolutionarily conserved ribonucleoprotein machine to instantly restore order in the intracellular proteome. It is composed of the 20S core particle and attached there to regulatory complexes. In addition to a comprehensively studied ubiquitin-proteasome pathway of protein degradation, proteasomes are involved (directly or indirectly) in most stages of the regulation of gene expression (at the levels of transcription, splicing, mRNA stability control, etc.). In the present review an attempt to systematize the recent literature on proteasomes' role in the regulation of transcription at all stages, including the modulation of the activity and stability of transcription factors, chromatin remodulation, elongation and termination of RNA synthesis is made. In addition, very interesting but controversial feature of the proteasome: their ability to bind and hydrolyze certain types of RNA, is observed. Obviously, universal role of proteasomes in gene regulation is determined by complicated composition of these protein complexes possessing a unique set of different enzymatic activities: ATPase/helicase, proteolytic and ribonuclease, which, depending on the case, can be used together or separately.
26S蛋白酶体是一种高度专业化的、进化上保守的核糖核蛋白机器，用于立即恢复细胞内蛋白质组的秩序。它由20S核心颗粒和附着在其上的调节复合物组成。除了对蛋白质降解的泛素-蛋白酶体途径进行了全面研究外，蛋白酶体还直接或间接地参与基因表达调控的大多数阶段（在转录、剪接、mRNA稳定性控制等水平）。在本综述中，试图对近期关于蛋白酶体在转录调控各个阶段作用的文献进行系统化整理，包括转录因子活性和稳定性的调节、染色质重塑、RNA合成的延伸和终止。此外，还观察到蛋白酶体一个非常有趣但存在争议的特性：它们结合并水解某些类型RNA的能力。显然，蛋白酶体在基因调控中的普遍作用是由这些具有独特不同酶活性组合的蛋白质复合物的复杂组成决定的：ATP酶/解旋酶、蛋白水解酶和核糖核酸酶，视具体情况，它们可以一起或单独使用。
