Rankin Benjamin Luke, Ballantyne Mark, Pickering Catherine Marina
Environmental Futures Research Institute, Griffith School of Environment, Griffith University Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia.
Environmental Futures Research Institute, Griffith School of Environment, Griffith University Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia.
J Environ Manage. 2015 May 1;154:293-8. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2014.10.035. Epub 2015 Mar 6.
Tourism and recreation are diverse and popular activities. They may also contribute to the risk of extinction for some plants because of the range and severity of their impacts, including in protected areas: but which species, where and how? To evaluate the extent to which tourism and recreation may be threatening process for plants, we conducted a continental level review of listed threats to endangered vascular plants using data from Australia. Of the 659 vascular plant species listed as critically endangered or endangered by the Australian Government, tourism and recreation were listed as a threat(s) for 42%. This is more than those listed as threatened by climate change (26%) and close to the proportion listed as threatened by altered fire regimes (47%). There are plant species with tourism and recreation listed threats in all States and Territories and from all but one bioregion in Australia. Although more than 45 plant families have species with tourism and recreation listed as threats, orchids were the most common species listed as at risk from these threats (90 species). The most common types of threats listed were visitors collecting plants in protected areas (113 species), trampling by hikers and others (84 species), damage from recreational vehicles (59 species) and road infrastructure (39 species). Despite the frequency with which tourism and recreation were listed as threats in Australia, research quantifying these threats and methods to ameliorate their impacts are still limited. Although this lack of information contributes to the challenge of managing tourism and recreation, impacts from visitors will often be easier to manage within natural areas than those from larger scale threats such as altered fire regimes and climate change.
旅游和休闲是多样且受欢迎的活动。由于其影响的范围和严重程度，包括在保护区内的影响，它们也可能增加一些植物灭绝的风险：但哪些物种、在何处以及如何受到影响呢？为了评估旅游和休闲对植物可能构成威胁的程度，我们利用来自澳大利亚的数据，对濒危维管植物面临的已知威胁进行了一次大陆层面的审查。在被澳大利亚政府列为极度濒危或濒危的659种维管植物物种中，有42%的物种将旅游和休闲列为一种或多种威胁。这一比例高于被列为受气候变化威胁的物种比例（26%），并接近被列为受火灾模式改变威胁的物种比例（47%）。在澳大利亚的所有州和领地以及除一个生物区域外的所有地区，都有将旅游和休闲列为威胁的植物物种。虽然有超过45个植物科的物种将旅游和休闲列为威胁，但兰花是被列为受这些威胁影响风险最大的最常见物种（90种）。列出的最常见威胁类型包括游客在保护区采集植物（113种）、徒步旅行者和其他人的践踏（84种）、休闲车辆造成的破坏（59种）以及道路基础设施造成的破坏（39种）。尽管在澳大利亚，旅游和休闲被列为威胁的频率很高，但量化这些威胁以及减轻其影响的方法的研究仍然有限。尽管这种信息匮乏给管理旅游和休闲带来了挑战，但在自然区域内，游客造成的影响往往比火灾模式改变和气候变化等更大规模威胁造成的影响更容易管理。
