Lallier Marie, Acha Joana, Carreiras Manuel
Basque Center on Cognition, Brain and Language, San Sebastían, Spain.
Departamento Psicología básica, UPV/EHU, San Sebastían, Spain.
Dev Sci. 2016 Jan;19(1):76-89. doi: 10.1111/desc.12290. Epub 2015 Mar 5.
This study investigates whether orthographic consistency and transparency of languages have an impact on the development of reading strategies and reading sub-skills (i.e. phonemic awareness and visual attention span) in bilingual children. We evaluated 21 French (opaque)-Basque (transparent) bilingual children and 21 Spanish (transparent)-Basque (transparent) bilingual children at Grade 2, and 16 additional children of each group at Grade 5. All of them were assessed in their common language (i.e. Basque) on tasks measuring word and pseudoword reading, phonemic awareness and visual attention span skills. The Spanish speaking groups showed better Basque pseudoword reading and better phonemic awareness abilities than their French speaking peers, but only in the most difficult conditions of the tasks. However, on the visual attention span task, the French-Basque bilinguals showed the most efficient visual processing strategies to perform the task. Therefore, learning to read in an additional language affected differently Basque literacy skills, depending on whether this additional orthography was opaque (e.g. French) or transparent (e.g. Spanish). Moreover, we showed that the most noteworthy effects of Spanish and French orthographic transparency on Basque performance were related to the size of the phonological and visual grain used to perform the tasks.
本研究调查了语言的正字法一致性和透明度是否会对双语儿童阅读策略及阅读子技能（即音素意识和视觉注意广度）的发展产生影响。我们评估了21名法语（非透明）-巴斯克语（透明）双语儿童和21名西班牙语（透明）-巴斯克语（透明）双语儿童在二年级时的情况，以及每组另外16名儿童在五年级时的情况。所有儿童都用他们的共同语言（即巴斯克语）接受了关于单词和假词阅读、音素意识及视觉注意广度技能的任务评估。说西班牙语的组在巴斯克语假词阅读和音素意识能力方面比说法语的同龄人表现更好，但仅在任务最困难的条件下如此。然而，在视觉注意广度任务中，法语-巴斯克语双语者表现出执行该任务最有效的视觉处理策略。因此，学习用另一种语言阅读对巴斯克语读写技能的影响有所不同，这取决于这种额外的正字法是不透明的（如法语）还是透明的（如西班牙语）。此外，我们表明，西班牙语和法语正字法透明度对巴斯克语表现最显著的影响与执行任务时所使用的语音和视觉粒度大小有关。
