Mind, Brain and Behavior Research Center (CIMCYC), Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.
Br J Psychol. 2023 Feb;114(1):86-111. doi: 10.1111/bjop.12598. Epub 2022 Sep 18.
The consistency between letters and sounds varies across languages. These differences have been proposed to be associated with different reading mechanisms (lexical vs. phonological), processing grain sizes (coarse vs. fine) and attentional windows (whole words vs. individual letters). This study aimed to extend this idea to writing to dictation. For that purpose, we evaluated whether the use of different types of processing has a differential impact on local windowing attention: phonological (local) processing in a transparent language (Spanish) and lexical (global) processing of an opaque language (English). Spanish and English monolinguals (Experiment 1) and Spanish-English bilinguals (Experiment 2) performed a writing to dictation task followed by a global-local task. The first key performance showed a critical dissociation between languages: the response times (RTs) from the Spanish writing to dictation task was modulated by word length, whereas the RTs from the English writing to dictation task was modulated by word frequency and age of acquisition, as evidence that language transparency biases processing towards phonological or lexical strategies. In addition, after a Spanish task, participants more efficiently processed local information, which resulted in both the benefit of global congruent information and the reduced cost of incongruent global information. Additionally, the results showed that bilinguals adapt their attentional processing depending on the orthographic transparency.
字母和声音之间的一致性因语言而异。这些差异与不同的阅读机制（词汇与语音）、处理粒度（粗粒度与细粒度）和注意力窗口（整词与单个字母）有关。本研究旨在将这一观点扩展到听写写作中。为此，我们评估了使用不同类型的处理是否会对局部窗口注意力产生不同的影响：透明语言（西班牙语）中的语音（局部）处理和不透明语言（英语）中的词汇（全局）处理。西班牙语单语者（实验 1）和西班牙语-英语双语者（实验 2）执行了听写写作任务，然后是全局-局部任务。第一项主要表现显示了语言之间的关键差异：来自西班牙语听写写作任务的反应时间（RT）受到单词长度的调节，而来自英语听写写作任务的 RT 受到单词频率和习得年龄的调节，这表明语言透明度偏向于语音或词汇策略的处理。此外，在完成西班牙语任务后，参与者更有效地处理局部信息，这导致了全局一致信息的优势和不一致全局信息的成本降低。此外，研究结果表明，双语者根据正字法透明度来调整他们的注意力处理。
