Guerre Philippe
Département des Sciences Biologiques et Fonctionnelles, Université de Toulouse, INP, ENVT, UR Mycotoxicologie, F-31076 Toulouse, France.
Toxins (Basel). 2015 Mar 6;7(3):773-90. doi: 10.3390/toxins7030773.
The development of fungal endophytes of the genus Epichloë in grasses results in the production of different groups of alkaloids, whose mechanism and biological spectrum of toxicity can differ considerably. Ergot alkaloids, when present in endophyte-infected tall fescue, are responsible for "fescue toxicosis" in livestock, whereas indole-diterpene alkaloids, when present in endophyte-infected ryegrass, are responsible for "ryegrass staggers". In contrast, peramine and loline alkaloids are deterrent and/or toxic to insects. Other toxic effects in livestock associated with the consumption of endophyte-infected grass that contain ergot alkaloids include the "sleepy grass" and "drunken horse grass" diseases. Although ergovaline is the main ergopeptine alkaloid produced in endophyte-infected tall fescue and is recognized as responsible for fescue toxicosis, a number of questions still exist concerning the profile of alkaloid production in tall fescue and the worldwide distribution of tall fescue toxicosis. The purpose of this review is to present ergot alkaloids produced in endophyte-infected grass, the factors of variation of their level in plants, and the diseases observed in the mammalian species as relate to the profiles of alkaloid production. In the final section, interactions between ergot alkaloids and drug-metabolizing enzymes are presented as mechanisms that could contribute to toxicity.
禾本科植物中内生真菌埃里氏菌属（Epichloë）的发育会导致产生不同种类的生物碱，其毒性机制和生物谱可能有很大差异。当内生真菌感染的高羊茅中存在麦角生物碱时，会导致家畜出现“高羊茅中毒症”，而当内生真菌感染的黑麦草中存在吲哚二萜生物碱时，则会导致“黑麦草蹒跚症”。相比之下，哌嗪和洛林生物碱对昆虫具有威慑作用和/或毒性。家畜食用含有麦角生物碱的内生真菌感染草还会引发其他中毒效应，包括“嗜睡草”和“醉马草”疾病。尽管麦角缬碱是内生真菌感染的高羊茅中产生的主要麦角肽生物碱，并且被认为是高羊茅中毒症的病因，但关于高羊茅中生物碱的产生情况以及高羊茅中毒症在全球的分布仍存在一些问题。本综述的目的是介绍内生真菌感染草中产生的麦角生物碱、其在植物中含量变化的因素，以及与生物碱产生情况相关的哺乳动物疾病。在最后一部分，介绍了麦角生物碱与药物代谢酶之间的相互作用，作为可能导致毒性的机制。
