Wierzbicka Małgorzata, Bemowska-Kałabun Olga, Gworek Barbara
Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, I. Miecznikowa 1, 02-096, Warsaw, Poland,
Ecotoxicology. 2015 May;24(4):805-22. doi: 10.1007/s10646-015-1426-8. Epub 2015 Mar 12.
Railway transport is a source of pollution to soils and living organisms by e.g. PAHs, PCBs, oil-derived products, pesticides and heavy metals. Soil toxicity evaluation requires chemical analyses, indicating the type and content of particular pollutants, as well as biological analyses, which allow assessing the reaction of organisms to these pollutants. This paper is focused on a multi-aspect evaluation of the degree of toxicity and pollution of soil in selected railway areas from north-eastern Poland by application of numerous biotests and chemical analyses. The soils were sampled on railway tracks from the following railway stations: Białystok Fabryczny, Siemianówka, Hajnówka, Iława Główna and Waliły. The most toxic soils occur on the railway tracks at Białystok Fabryczny and Siemianówka. They had a significant toxic effect on test organisms from various trophic levels. The contents of PAHs, PCBs, heavy metals, oil-derived hydrocarbons and pesticide residues were determined in the examined soils. In all cases the detected pollutants did not exceed the admissible levels. The highest content of oil-derived substances was noted in soils from Białystok Fabryczny and concentrations were moderate in soils from Siemianówka. Although the pollutants determined in soils from railway tracks did not exceed the admissible values, they had a toxic effect on numerous test organisms from different trophic levels. This suggests a synergistic effect of low concentrations (within the admissible levels) of several pollutants together, which resulted in a toxic effect on the organisms. Thus, there is a strong need of not only chemical, but also ecotoxicological analyses during the evaluation of environmental conditions. Based on data obtained from biological and chemical analyses, we concluded that railway transport may pose a hazard to the natural environment to a larger extent that hitherto expected.
铁路运输是土壤和生物的污染源，例如多环芳烃、多氯联苯、石油衍生产品、农药和重金属。土壤毒性评估需要进行化学分析，以表明特定污染物的类型和含量，还需要进行生物分析，以便评估生物对这些污染物的反应。本文重点通过应用多种生物测试和化学分析，对波兰东北部选定铁路区域土壤的毒性程度和污染情况进行多方面评估。土壤样本采自以下火车站的铁轨：比亚韦斯托克工厂站、谢米亚诺夫卡站、哈伊努夫卡站、伊瓦瓦总站和瓦利利站。毒性最强的土壤出现在比亚韦斯托克工厂站和谢米亚诺夫卡站的铁轨上。它们对来自不同营养级的测试生物具有显著的毒性作用。测定了受试土壤中多环芳烃、多氯联苯、重金属、石油衍生碳氢化合物和农药残留的含量。在所有情况下，检测到的污染物均未超过允许水平。在比亚韦斯托克工厂站的土壤中，石油衍生物质的含量最高，而在谢米亚诺夫卡站的土壤中浓度适中。尽管铁轨土壤中测定的污染物未超过允许值，但它们对来自不同营养级的众多测试生物具有毒性作用。这表明几种污染物低浓度（在允许水平内）共同产生了协同效应，从而对生物产生了毒性作用。因此，在评估环境状况时，不仅非常需要进行化学分析，还需要进行生态毒理学分析。根据从生物和化学分析中获得的数据，我们得出结论，铁路运输对自然环境造成的危害可能比迄今预期的更大。
