White K Geoffrey, Sargisson Rebecca J
Department of Psychology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand,
Learn Behav. 2015 Sep;43(3):217-27. doi: 10.3758/s13420-015-0174-1.
In delay-specific remembering, accuracy in delayed matching-to-sample tasks is enhanced after single delays or retention intervals relative to performance at other delays. In the differential-outcomes effect (DOE), accuracy is enhanced at all delays when the outcomes of correct choices are quantitatively or qualitatively different, compared to when outcomes are the same. In the present experiments, we aimed to demonstrate a delay-specific DOE by arranging differential outcomes for correct responses at some delays and same outcomes at other delays. In each of two experiments, four pigeons worked in delayed matching-to-sample tasks with delays of 0.5, 5, and 15 s, or 0 s, 3 s, and 12 s mixed within session. Correct choices produced different reward durations (differential outcomes) at one or two delays, or the same reward durations (same outcomes) at the other delays, on a within-session basis. There was evidence of improved accuracy at delays at which differential outcomes were arranged, compared to accuracy at delays at which same outcomes were arranged, that is, a delay-specific DOE. The more usual DOE was confirmed in a third experiment with same outcomes at all delays in one condition and differential outcomes at all delays in another. We discuss implications of a delay-specific DOE for theories of the DOE which attribute the effect to enhanced stimulus control by expectancies of reward outcomes generated at the time of sample presentation.
在特定延迟记忆中，相对于其他延迟时的表现，单次延迟或保持间隔后的延迟匹配样本任务的准确性会提高。在差异结果效应（DOE）中，当正确选择的结果在数量或质量上不同时，与结果相同时相比，所有延迟下的准确性都会提高。在本实验中，我们旨在通过为某些延迟下的正确反应安排差异结果，而在其他延迟下安排相同结果，来证明一种特定延迟的DOE。在两个实验中的每一个中，四只鸽子进行延迟匹配样本任务，延迟时间为0.5秒、5秒和15秒，或者在实验过程中混合0秒、3秒和12秒。在实验过程中，正确选择在一个或两个延迟下产生不同的奖励持续时间（差异结果），而在其他延迟下产生相同的奖励持续时间（相同结果）。有证据表明，与安排相同结果的延迟时的准确性相比，在安排差异结果的延迟时准确性有所提高，即特定延迟的DOE。在第三个实验中证实了更常见的DOE，在一种条件下所有延迟的结果相同，而在另一种条件下所有延迟的结果不同。我们讨论了特定延迟的DOE对DOE理论的影响，该理论将这种效应归因于样本呈现时奖励结果预期对刺激控制的增强。
