Benito-Calvo Alfonso, Carvalho Susana, Arroyo Adrian, Matsuzawa Tetsuro, de la Torre Ignacio
Laboratory of Digital Mapping and 3D Analysis, CENIEH, Burgos, Spain.
Center for the Advanced Study of Human Paleobiology, The George Washington University, Washington, D.C., United States of America; Interdisciplinary Center for Archaeology and Evolution of Human Behavior (ICArEHB), Universidade do Algarve, Faro, Portugal.
PLoS One. 2015 Mar 20;10(3):e0121613. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121613. eCollection 2015.
Stone tool use by wild chimpanzees of West Africa offers a unique opportunity to explore the evolutionary roots of technology during human evolution. However, detailed analyses of chimpanzee stone artifacts are still lacking, thus precluding a comparison with the earliest archaeological record. This paper presents the first systematic study of stone tools used by wild chimpanzees to crack open nuts in Bossou (Guinea-Conakry), and applies pioneering analytical techniques to such artifacts. Automatic morphometric GIS classification enabled to create maps of use wear over the stone tools (anvils, hammers, and hammers/ anvils), which were blind tested with GIS spatial analysis of damage patterns identified visually. Our analysis shows that chimpanzee stone tool use wear can be systematized and specific damage patterns discerned, allowing to discriminate between active and passive pounders in lithic assemblages. In summary, our results demonstrate the heuristic potential of combined suites of GIS techniques for the analysis of battered artifacts, and have enabled creating a referential framework of analysis in which wild chimpanzee battered tools can for the first time be directly compared to the early archaeological record.
西非野生黑猩猩使用石器为探索人类进化过程中技术的进化根源提供了一个独特的机会。然而，目前仍缺乏对黑猩猩石器的详细分析，因此无法与最早的考古记录进行比较。本文首次对几内亚博苏地区野生黑猩猩用于砸开坚果的石器进行了系统研究，并将开创性的分析技术应用于这些文物。自动形态测量地理信息系统分类能够创建石器（砧石、锤石和锤石/砧石）上使用磨损的地图，并通过对视觉识别出的损伤模式进行地理信息系统空间分析来进行盲测。我们的分析表明，黑猩猩石器使用磨损可以系统化，并且可以辨别出特定的损伤模式，从而能够区分石器组合中的主动和被动敲击者。总之，我们的结果证明了组合地理信息系统技术在分析受损文物方面的启发潜力，并能够创建一个分析参考框架，在这个框架中，野生黑猩猩的受损工具首次能够直接与早期考古记录进行比较。
