Terra-Araujo Mário H, de Faria Aparecida D, Vicentini Alberto, Nylinder Stephan, Swenson Ulf
Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Botânica (PPG-BOT), Av. André Araújo 2.936, 69067-375 Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil; Department of Botany, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Box 50007, 104 05 Stockholm, Sweden.
Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Departamento de Biologia Animal e Vegetal, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Box 6001, 86051-980 Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.
Mol Phylogenet Evol. 2015 Jun;87:1-13. doi: 10.1016/j.ympev.2015.03.007. Epub 2015 Mar 20.
Recent phylogenetic studies in Sapotaceae have demonstrated that many genera need to be redefined to better correspond to natural groups. The Neotropical genus Pradosia is believed to be monophyletic and includes 26 recognized species. Here we reconstruct the generic phylogeny by a species-tree approach using (∗)BEAST, 21 recognized species (36 accessions), sequence data from three nuclear markers (ITS, ETS, and RPB2), a relaxed lognormal clock model, and a fossil calibration. We explore the evolution of five selected morphological characters, reconstruct the evolution of habitat (white-sand vs. clayish soils) preference, as well as space and time by using a recently developed continuous diffusion model in biogeography. We find Pradosia to be monophyletic in its current circumscription and to have originated in the Amazon basin at ∼47.5Ma. Selected morphological characters are useful to readily distinguish three clades. Preferences to white-sand and/or clay are somewhat important for the majority of species, but speciation has not been powered by habitat shifts. Pradosia brevipes is a relative young species (∼1.3Ma) that has evolved a unique geoxylic life strategy within Pradosia and is restricted to savannahs. Molecular dating and phylogenetic pattern indicate that Pradosia reached the Brazilian Atlantic coast at least three times: at 34.4Ma (P. longipedicellata), at 11.7Ma (P. kuhlmannii), and at 3.9Ma (weakly supported node within the red-flowered clade).
山榄科最近的系统发育研究表明，许多属需要重新定义，以更好地对应自然类群。新热带属普拉多西亚被认为是单系的，包括26个已确认的物种。在这里，我们使用（∗）BEAST通过物种树方法重建该属的系统发育，21个已确认的物种（36个样本），来自三个核标记（ITS、ETS和RPB2）的序列数据，一个宽松的对数正态时钟模型，以及一个化石校准。我们探索了五个选定形态特征的进化，通过在生物地理学中使用最近开发的连续扩散模型重建栖息地（白沙土与黏土）偏好的进化，以及空间和时间的进化。我们发现普拉多西亚在其当前的分类中是单系的，并且起源于约4750万年前的亚马逊盆地。选定的形态特征有助于轻松区分三个分支。对白沙土和/或黏土的偏好对大多数物种来说有些重要，但物种形成并非由栖息地转移驱动。短柄普拉多西亚是一个相对年轻的物种（约130万年前），在普拉多西亚属内进化出了独特的地下茎生活策略，并且仅限于稀树草原。分子年代测定和系统发育模式表明，普拉多西亚至少三次到达巴西大西洋海岸：在3440万年前（长梗普拉多西亚），在1170万年前（库尔曼普拉多西亚），以及在390万年前（红花分支内的一个支持度较弱的节点）。
