Calvete Esther, Orue Izaskun, Gamez-Guadix Manuel, Bushman Brad J
Department of Personality, Psychological Assessment and Treatment, The University of Deusto.
School of Communication and Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University.
Dev Psychol. 2015 May;51(5):663-676. doi: 10.1037/a0039092. Epub 2015 Mar 30.
Although we rarely hear about it, children sometimes aggress against their parents. This is a difficult topic to study because abused parents and abusive children are both reluctant to admit the occurrence of child-to-parent aggression. There are very few research studies on this topic, and even fewer theoretical explanations of why it occurs. We predicted that exposure to violence in the home (e.g., parents aggressing against each other) and ineffective parenting (i.e., parenting that is overly permissive or lacks warmth) influences cognitive schemas of how children perceive themselves and the world around them (i.e., whether aggression is normal, whether they develop grandiose self-views, and whether they feel disconnected and rejected), which, in turn, predicts child-to-parent aggression. In a 3-year longitudinal study of 591 adolescents and their parents, we found that exposure to violence in Year 1 predicted child-to-parent aggression in Year 3. In addition, parenting characterized by lack of warmth in Year 1 was related to narcissistic and entitled self-views and disconnection and rejection schemas in Year 2, which, in turn, predicted child-to-mother and child-to-father aggression in Year 3. Gender comparisons indicated that narcissism predicted child-to-parent aggression only in boys and that exposure to violence was a stronger predictor of child-to-father violence in boys. This longitudinal study increases our understanding of the understudied but important topic of child-to-parent aggression, and will hopefully stimulate future research.
尽管我们很少听说，但儿童有时会对自己的父母实施攻击行为。这是一个难以研究的课题，因为受虐待的父母和实施攻击行为的儿童都不愿承认儿童对父母的攻击行为的发生。关于这个课题的研究非常少，对其发生原因的理论解释更是少之又少。我们预测，家庭中暴力行为的暴露（例如，父母相互攻击）和无效的养育方式（即过度放任或缺乏温情的养育方式）会影响儿童对自己和周围世界的认知模式（即攻击行为是否正常、他们是否形成夸大的自我观念，以及他们是否感到脱节和被拒绝），而这反过来又会预测儿童对父母的攻击行为。在一项对591名青少年及其父母进行的为期3年的纵向研究中，我们发现第1年接触暴力行为可预测第3年儿童对父母的攻击行为。此外，第1年以缺乏温情为特征的养育方式与第2年的自恋和特权自我观念以及脱节和拒绝模式有关，而这反过来又预测了第3年儿童对母亲和儿童对父亲的攻击行为。性别比较表明，自恋仅在男孩中预测儿童对父母的攻击行为，而接触暴力行为对男孩对父亲的暴力行为的预测作用更强。这项纵向研究增进了我们对儿童对父母攻击行为这一研究较少但很重要的课题的理解，并有望激发未来的研究。
