School of Psychology, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales, Australia.
School of Psychology, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, Tyne and Wear, England, United Kingdom.
PLoS One. 2023 Oct 24;18(10):e0288543. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0288543. eCollection 2023.
Early maladaptive schemas (EMSs) have been theorised to contribute to reoccurring interpersonal problems. This study developed a novel experimental paradigm that aimed to assess if EMSs moderate the impact of interpersonal situations on interpersonal responses by manipulating the degree of rejection in a series of interpersonal vignettes depicting acceptance, ambiguous rejection and rejection.
In a sample of 158 first-year psychology students (27.2% male; 72.2% female; 0.6% other) participant responses to interpersonal scenarios were measured including degree of perceived rejection, emotional distress, conviction in varying cognitive appraisals consistent with attribution theory and behavioural responses to scenarios. Qualitative data was analysed using inductive content analysis and statistical analyses were conducted using multi-level mixed effect linear and logistic regression models using the software Jamovi.
People reporting higher EMSs reported increased emotional distress (F(1, 156) = 24.85, p < .001), perceptions of rejection (F(1, 156) = 34.33, p < .001), self-blame (F(1, 156) = 53.25, p < .001), other-blame (F(1, 156) = 13.16, p < .001) and more intentional (F(1, 156) = 9.24, p = .003), stable (F(1, 156) = 25.22, p < .001) and global (F(1, 156) = 19.55, p < .001) attributions but no differences in reported behavioural responses. The results also supported that EMSs moderate the relationship between interpersonal rejection and perceptions of rejection (F(2, 1252) = 18.43, p < .001), emotional distress (F(2, 1252) = 12.64, p < .001) and self-blame (F(2, 1252) = 14.00, p < .001).
Together these findings suggest that people with EMSs experience increased distress and select negative cognitions in situations where there are higher levels of rejection but that distress and negative cognitions are generally higher in people with EMSs irrespective of the situation.
早期适应不良模式（EMSs）被认为会导致人际问题的再次发生。本研究开发了一种新的实验范式，旨在通过在一系列描述接受、模棱两可的拒绝和拒绝的人际小插曲中操纵拒绝程度，来评估 EMSs 是否会调节人际情境对人际反应的影响。
在一个由 158 名一年级心理学学生组成的样本中（27.2%为男性；72.2%为女性；0.6%为其他），参与者对人际情景的反应包括感知到的拒绝程度、情绪困扰、对归因理论一致的各种认知评估的信念以及对情景的行为反应。使用 Jamovi 软件，使用归纳内容分析对定性数据进行分析，并使用多级混合效应线性和逻辑回归模型进行统计分析。
报告 EMSs 较高的人报告说情绪困扰增加（F(1, 156) = 24.85, p <.001）、感知到的拒绝（F(1, 156) = 34.33, p <.001）、自责（F(1, 156) = 53.25, p <.001）、他人指责（F(1, 156) = 13.16, p <.001）和更有意图的（F(1, 156) = 9.24, p =.003）、稳定的（F(1, 156) = 25.22, p <.001）和全局的（F(1, 156) = 19.55, p <.001）归因，但在报告的行为反应方面没有差异。结果还表明，EMSs 调节了人际拒绝与感知拒绝（F(2, 1252) = 18.43, p <.001）、情绪困扰（F(2, 1252) = 12.64, p <.001）和自责（F(2, 1252) = 14.00, p <.001）之间的关系。
这些发现表明，EMSs 较高的人在拒绝程度较高的情况下会经历更多的痛苦，并选择消极的认知，但无论情境如何，EMSs 较高的人通常会经历更高的痛苦和消极认知。
