Fulvio Jacqueline M, Rosen Monica L, Rokers Bas
Psychology Department, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA,
Atten Percept Psychophys. 2015 Jul;77(5):1685-96. doi: 10.3758/s13414-015-0881-x.
Although we have made major advances in understanding motion perception based on the processing of lateral (2D) motion signals on computer displays, the majority of motion in the real (3D) world occurs outside of the plane of fixation, and motion directly toward or away from observers has particular behavioral relevance. Previous work has reported a systematic lateral bias in the perception of 3D motion, such that an object on a collision course with an observer's head is frequently judged to miss it, with obvious negative consequences. To better understand this bias, we systematically investigated the accuracy of 3D motion perception while manipulating sensory noise by varying the contrast of a moving target and its position in depth relative to fixation. Inconsistent with previous work, we found little bias under low sensory noise conditions. With increased sensory noise, however, we revealed a novel perceptual phenomenon: observers demonstrated a surprising tendency to confuse the direction of motion-in-depth, such that approaching objects were reported to be receding and vice versa. Subsequent analysis revealed that the lateral and motion-in-depth components of observers' reports are similarly affected, but that the effects on the motion-in-depth component (i.e., the motion-in-depth confusions) are much more apparent than those on the lateral component. In addition to revealing this novel visual phenomenon, these results shed new light on errors that can occur in motion perception and provide a basis for continued development of motion perception models. Finally, our findings suggest methods to evaluate the effectiveness of 3D visualization environments, such as 3D movies and virtual reality devices.
尽管我们在基于计算机显示器上的横向（二维）运动信号处理来理解运动感知方面取得了重大进展，但现实（三维）世界中的大多数运动发生在注视平面之外，并且直接朝向或远离观察者的运动具有特殊的行为相关性。先前的研究报告了在三维运动感知中存在系统性的横向偏差，即与观察者头部处于碰撞轨迹上的物体常常被判断为会错过，这会带来明显的负面后果。为了更好地理解这种偏差，我们通过改变移动目标的对比度及其相对于注视点的深度位置来操纵感官噪声，系统地研究了三维运动感知的准确性。与先前的研究结果不一致，我们发现在低感官噪声条件下几乎没有偏差。然而，随着感官噪声的增加，我们发现了一种新的感知现象：观察者表现出一种令人惊讶的倾向，即混淆深度运动的方向，以至于报告接近的物体在后退，反之亦然。后续分析表明，观察者报告中的横向和深度运动成分受到的影响类似，但对深度运动成分（即深度运动混淆）的影响比对横向成分的影响要明显得多。除了揭示这种新的视觉现象外，这些结果还为运动感知中可能出现的错误提供了新的见解，并为运动感知模型的持续发展提供了基础。最后，我们的研究结果提出了评估三维可视化环境（如三维电影和虚拟现实设备）有效性的方法。
