Barth Mario
INTENZE Products, Hackensack, N.J., USA.
Curr Probl Dermatol. 2015;48:112-7. doi: 10.1159/000370014. Epub 2015 Mar 26.
The regulation of the manufacture of tattoo ink products in the USA and the rest of the world is the focus of this article, which outlines the historical relationships between official and unofficial manufacturing and associated regulations, self-regulating movements within the industry and the impacts of over-regulation on the economics of ink manufacturing markets. The author, Mario Barth, highlights that changes in industry standards of production that are too rapid can cause the system to deteriorate, leading to an essentially negative shift to the underground markets. In addition, these regulations would not lead to a healthier end product because the currently considered health problems associated with tattoos (affecting 6% of tattoos performed in Germany) could be caused by multiple additional factors, such as the tattooing technique and aftercare. The pigment itself (which causes health issues in only 0.6% of tattoos) could in this equation not be optimized within an overregulated market. Further, aspects of price and revenue are analyzed in detail, showing that high quality suppliers are spending most of their efforts on passing regulations and that these regulations are not decreasing the amount of low-quality products in the general market. Finally, the notion of tattooing as 'an adult decision' is explained as another variable that has to be considered in creating regulations because the decision-making process for a tattoo (considering the price, quality and definitely the permanency) has and will have a self-regulating impact driven by the clients.
本文重点关注美国及世界其他地区纹身墨水产品的制造监管，概述了官方与非官方制造及相关法规之间的历史关系、行业内部的自我监管运动以及过度监管对墨水制造市场经济的影响。作者马里奥·巴特强调，行业生产标准变化过快会导致系统恶化，进而使市场基本上向地下市场消极转变。此外，这些法规不会带来更健康的最终产品，因为当前认为与纹身相关的健康问题（在德国，6%的纹身会出现此类问题）可能由多种其他因素导致，比如纹身技术和术后护理。在这个等式中，颜料本身（仅0.6%的纹身会因颜料出现健康问题）在过度监管的市场中无法得到优化。此外，文章还详细分析了价格和收入方面，表明高质量供应商将大部分精力用于通过法规，而这些法规并未减少一般市场上低质量产品的数量。最后，“纹身是一种成年人的决定”这一概念被解释为制定法规时必须考虑的另一个变量，因为纹身的决策过程（考虑价格、质量以及纹身的永久性）过去一直并将继续受到客户驱动而产生自我监管的影响。
