Shikany James M, Judd Suzanne E, Letter Abraham J, Ard Jamy D, Newby P K
Department of Medicine, Division of Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
Nutrition. 2015 May;31(5):708-15. doi: 10.1016/j.nut.2014.11.017. Epub 2014 Dec 20.
High dietary glycemic load (GL) has been associated with an increased risk for chronic diseases, including type 2 diabetes, coronary heart disease, and selected cancers. The aim of this study was to identify the main food and food group contributors to dietary GL in a representative sample of US adults to inform future interventions.
Participants were from the REGARDS (REasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke) study, a longitudinal cohort of 30 239 community-dwelling black and white women and men ages ≥45 y from throughout the United States. Diet was assessed with a food frequency questionnaire. The amount of each carbohydrate food, and its glycemic index, were used to calculate GL values for each carbohydrate food reported. These were totaled to estimate the mean total daily GL for each participant. Individual carbohydrate foods also were collapsed into 18 carbohydrate food groups, and the portion of the total GL contributed by each carbohydrate food and food group was determined. Analyses were conducted overall, by race/sex groups, and by region.
Sweetened beverages were the main contributors to GL overall (12.14 median percentage [median %] of daily GL), by far the largest contributors in black men (17.79 median %) and black women (16.43 median %), and major contributors in white men (12.02 median %) and white women (11.22 median %). Other important contributors to GL overall and in all race/sex groups and regions included breads, starchy side dishes, and cereals.
In this US cohort of white and black adults, sweetened beverages were major contributors to GL overall, especially in black participants. This information may help to inform future interventions targeting reduction in dietary GL.
高膳食血糖负荷（GL）与包括2型糖尿病、冠心病和某些癌症在内的慢性疾病风险增加有关。本研究的目的是在美国成年人的代表性样本中确定膳食GL的主要食物和食物类别贡献者，以为未来的干预措施提供参考。
参与者来自REGARDS（中风地理和种族差异原因）研究，这是一项纵向队列研究，共有30239名年龄≥45岁的美国社区居住的黑人和白人女性及男性。通过食物频率问卷评估饮食情况。利用每种碳水化合物食物的量及其血糖指数，计算所报告的每种碳水化合物食物的GL值。将这些值相加，以估算每位参与者的每日平均总GL。个体碳水化合物食物也被归为18个碳水化合物食物类别，并确定每种碳水化合物食物和食物类别在总GL中所占的比例。分析在总体、种族/性别组以及地区层面进行。
加糖饮料是总体GL的主要贡献者（占每日GL的中位数百分比为12.14%），是黑人男性（中位数为17.79%）和黑人女性（中位数为16.43%）中迄今为止最大的贡献者，也是白人男性（中位数为12.02%）和白人女性（中位数为11.22%）中的主要贡献者。总体以及所有种族/性别组和地区中GL的其他重要贡献者包括面包、淀粉类配菜和谷类食品。
在这个美国白人和黑人成年人队列中，加糖饮料是总体GL的主要贡献者，尤其是在黑人参与者中。这些信息可能有助于为未来旨在降低膳食GL的干预措施提供参考。
