Kaewwaen Wuthichai, Bhumiratana Adisak
Department of Geoinformatics, Faculty of Geoinformatics, Burapha University, Chonburi 20131, Thailand.
Department of Parasitology and Entomology, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, 420/1 Rajvithi Road, Rajthewee, Bangkok 10400, Thailand ; Center for Ecohealth Education and Research (CEER), Faculty of Public Health, Thammasat University, Rangsit Center, Pathum Thani 12121, Thailand.
Interdiscip Perspect Infect Dis. 2015;2015:909106. doi: 10.1155/2015/909106. Epub 2015 Mar 9.
The agricultural land use changes that are human-induced changes in agroforestry ecosystems and in physical environmental conditions contribute substantially to the potential risks for malaria transmission in receptive areas. Due to the pattern and extent of land use change, the risks or negatively ecosystemic outcomes are the results of the dynamics of malaria transmission, the susceptibility of human populations, and the geographical distribution of malaria vectors. This review focused basically on what are the potential effects of agricultural land use change as a result of the expansion of rubber plantations in Thailand and how significant the ecotopes of malaria-associated rubber plantations (MRP) are. More profoundly, this review synthesized the novel concepts and perspectives on applied landscape ecology and epidemiology of malaria, as well as approaches to determine the degree to which an MRP ecotope as fundamental landscape scale can establish malaria infection pocket(s). Malaria ecotoping encompasses the integrated approaches and tools applied to or used in modeling malaria transmission. The scalability of MRP ecotope depends upon its unique landscape structure as it is geographically associated with the infestation or reinfestation of Anopheles vectors, along with the attributes that are epidemiologically linked with the infections. The MRP ecotope can be depicted as the hotspot such that malaria transmission is modeled upon the MRP factors underlying human settlements and movement activities, health behaviors, land use/land cover change, malaria vector population dynamics, and agrienvironmental and climatic conditions. The systemic and uniform approaches to malaria ecotoping underpin the stratification of the potential risks for malaria transmission by making use of remotely sensed satellite imagery or landscape aerial photography using unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), global positioning systems (GPS), and geographical information systems (GIS).
农业土地利用变化，即农林业生态系统和自然环境条件中的人为变化，在易感地区极大地增加了疟疾传播的潜在风险。由于土地利用变化的模式和程度，这些风险或负面的生态系统后果是疟疾传播动态、人群易感性以及疟蚊地理分布的结果。本综述主要关注泰国橡胶种植园扩张导致的农业土地利用变化有哪些潜在影响，以及与疟疾相关的橡胶种植园（MRP）生态位的重要性如何。更深入地说，本综述综合了疟疾应用景观生态学和流行病学的新概念和观点，以及确定作为基本景观尺度的MRP生态位能够形成疟疾感染源的程度的方法。疟疾生态位划分包括应用于或用于模拟疟疾传播的综合方法和工具。MRP生态位的可扩展性取决于其独特的景观结构，因为它在地理上与按蚊媒介的侵扰或再次侵扰相关联，以及与感染在流行病学上相关的属性。MRP生态位可被描述为热点，据此根据人类住区和移动活动、健康行为、土地利用/土地覆盖变化、疟蚊种群动态以及农业环境和气候条件等MRP因素对疟疾传播进行建模。疟疾生态位划分的系统且统一的方法通过利用遥感卫星图像或使用无人机（UAV）的景观航空摄影、全球定位系统（GPS）和地理信息系统（GIS），为疟疾传播潜在风险的分层提供了支撑。
