Han Xianxian, Li Ziyin
Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Medical School, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
Front Biol (Beijing). 2014 Dec 1;9(6):472-480. doi: 10.1007/s11515-014-1334-y.
Chromosome segregation is a tightly regulated process through which duplicated genetic materials are equally partitioned into daughter cells. During the past decades, tremendous efforts have been made to understand the molecular mechanism of chromosome segregation using animals and yeasts as model systems. Recently, new insights into chromosome segregation have gradually emerged using trypanosome, an early branching parasitic protozoan, as a model organism. To uncover the unique aspects of chromosome segregation in trypanosome, which potentially could serve as new drug targets for anti-trypanosome chemotherapy, it is necessary to perform a comparative analysis of the chromosome segregation machinery between trypanosome and its human host. Here, we briefly review the current knowledge about chromosome segregation in human and , with a focus on the regulation of cohesin and securin degradation triggered by the activation of the anaphase promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C). We also include yeasts in our comparative analysis since some of the original discoveries were made using budding and fission yeasts as the model organisms and, therefore, these could provide hints about the evolution of the machinery. We highlight both common and unique features in these model systems and also provide perspectives for future research in trypanosome.
染色体分离是一个受到严格调控的过程，通过该过程，复制后的遗传物质被平均分配到子细胞中。在过去几十年里，人们付出了巨大努力，以动物和酵母为模型系统来理解染色体分离的分子机制。最近，以早期分支的寄生原生动物锥虫为模式生物，对染色体分离有了新的认识。为了揭示锥虫中染色体分离的独特方面，其有可能作为抗锥虫化疗的新药物靶点，有必要对锥虫与其人类宿主之间的染色体分离机制进行比较分析。在这里，我们简要回顾目前关于人类染色体分离的知识，重点关注后期促进复合体/细胞周期体（APC/C）激活引发的黏连蛋白和分离酶降解的调控。我们在比较分析中也纳入了酵母，因为一些最初的发现是使用芽殖酵母和裂殖酵母作为模式生物做出的，因此这些发现可以为该机制的进化提供线索。我们强调这些模型系统中的共同特征和独特特征，并为锥虫未来的研究提供展望。
