Bekker Cindy, Kuijpers Eelco, Brouwer Derk H, Vermeulen Roel, Fransman Wouter
1.Division of Environmental Epidemiology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL, Utrecht, the Netherlands 2.TNO, Utrechtseweg 48, 3704 HE, Zeist, the Netherlands
2.TNO, Utrechtseweg 48, 3704 HE, Zeist, the Netherlands.
Ann Occup Hyg. 2015 Jul;59(6):681-704. doi: 10.1093/annhyg/mev023. Epub 2015 Apr 6.
Occupational exposure to manufactured nano-objects and their agglomerates, and aggregates (NOAA) has been described in several workplace air monitoring studies. However, data pooling for general conclusions and exposure estimates are hampered by limited exposure data across the occupational life cycle of NOAA and a lack in comparability between the methods of collecting and analysing the data. By applying a consistent method of collecting and analysing the workplace exposure data, this study aimed to provide information about the occupational NOAA exposure levels across various life cycle stages of NOAA in the Netherlands which can also be used for multi-purpose use.
Personal/near field task-based exposure data was collected using a multi-source exposure assessment method collecting real time particle number concentration, particle size distribution (PSD), filter-based samples for morphological, and elemental analysis and detailed contextual information. A decision logic was followed allowing a consistent and objective way of analysing the exposure data.
In total, 46 measurement surveys were conducted at 15 companies covering 18 different exposure situations across various occupational life cycle stages of NOAA. Highest activity-effect levels were found during replacement of big bags (<1000-76000 # cm(-3)), mixing/dumping of powders manually (<1000-52000 # cm(-3)) and mechanically (<1000-100000 # cm(-3)), and spraying of liquid (2000-800000 # cm(-3)) showing a high variability between and within the various exposure situations. In general, a limited change in PSD was found during the activity compared to the background.
This broad-scale exposure study gives a comprehensive overview of the NOAA exposure situations in the Netherlands and an indication of the levels of occupational exposure to NOAA across various life cycle of NOAA. The collected workplace exposure data and contextual information will serve as basis for future pooling of data and modelling of worker exposure.
在多项工作场所空气监测研究中，已描述了职业性接触人造纳米物体及其团聚体和聚集体（NOAA）的情况。然而，由于NOAA职业生命周期内的接触数据有限，以及数据收集和分析方法缺乏可比性，阻碍了用于得出一般性结论和接触估计的数据汇总。通过应用一致的数据收集和分析方法，本研究旨在提供荷兰NOAA不同生命周期阶段的职业性NOAA接触水平信息，这些信息也可用于多种用途。
采用多源接触评估方法收集基于个人/近场任务的接触数据，该方法收集实时颗粒数浓度、粒径分布（PSD）、用于形态和元素分析的基于滤膜的样本以及详细的背景信息。遵循决策逻辑，以一致且客观的方式分析接触数据。
总共在15家公司进行了46次测量调查，涵盖NOAA不同职业生命周期阶段的18种不同接触情况。在更换大袋（<1000 - 76000 # cm(-3)）、手动混合/倾倒粉末（<1000 - 52000 # cm(-3)）和机械混合/倾倒粉末（<1000 - 100000 # cm(-3)）以及液体喷涂（2000 - 800000 # cm(-3)）期间发现了最高的活动-效应水平，不同接触情况之间和内部显示出高度变异性。一般而言，与背景相比，活动期间PSD的变化有限。
这项大规模接触研究全面概述了荷兰的NOAA接触情况，并表明了NOAA不同生命周期阶段的职业性接触水平。所收集的工作场所接触数据和背景信息将作为未来数据汇总和工人接触建模的基础。
