1] Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA [2] Green Energy and Environment Research Laboratories, Industrial Technology Research Institute, Hsinchu 31040, Taiwan.
Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA.
Nature. 2015 Apr 16;520(7547):325-8. doi: 10.1038/nature14340. Epub 2015 Apr 6.
The development of new rechargeable battery systems could fuel various energy applications, from personal electronics to grid storage. Rechargeable aluminium-based batteries offer the possibilities of low cost and low flammability, together with three-electron-redox properties leading to high capacity. However, research efforts over the past 30 years have encountered numerous problems, such as cathode material disintegration, low cell discharge voltage (about 0.55 volts; ref. 5), capacitive behaviour without discharge voltage plateaus (1.1-0.2 volts or 1.8-0.8 volts) and insufficient cycle life (less than 100 cycles) with rapid capacity decay (by 26-85 per cent over 100 cycles). Here we present a rechargeable aluminium battery with high-rate capability that uses an aluminium metal anode and a three-dimensional graphitic-foam cathode. The battery operates through the electrochemical deposition and dissolution of aluminium at the anode, and intercalation/de-intercalation of chloroaluminate anions in the graphite, using a non-flammable ionic liquid electrolyte. The cell exhibits well-defined discharge voltage plateaus near 2 volts, a specific capacity of about 70 mA h g(-1) and a Coulombic efficiency of approximately 98 per cent. The cathode was found to enable fast anion diffusion and intercalation, affording charging times of around one minute with a current density of ~4,000 mA g(-1) (equivalent to ~3,000 W kg(-1)), and to withstand more than 7,500 cycles without capacity decay.
新型可充电电池系统的发展可为各种能源应用提供动力，从个人电子产品到电网存储。可充电铝基电池具有低成本、低可燃性的可能性，以及三电子氧化还原特性，从而实现高容量。然而，在过去的 30 年中，研究工作遇到了许多问题，例如阴极材料分解、电池放电电压低（约 0.55 伏特；参考文献 5）、没有放电电压平台的电容行为（1.1-0.2 伏特或 1.8-0.8 伏特）以及循环寿命不足（少于 100 次循环）和快速容量衰减（在 100 次循环中衰减 26-85%）。在这里，我们提出了一种具有高倍率能力的可充电铝电池，它使用铝金属阳极和三维石墨泡沫阴极。该电池通过在阳极上电化学沉积和溶解铝，以及在石墨中插层/脱插氯铝酸盐阴离子来工作，使用不可燃的离子液体电解质。该电池表现出接近 2 伏特的明确放电电压平台、约 70 mA h g(-1)的比容量和约 98%的库仑效率。发现阴极能够实现快速阴离子扩散和插层，在电流密度约为 4000 mA g(-1)（相当于约 3000 W kg(-1)）时，充电时间约为一分钟，并且能够承受超过 7500 次循环而不会出现容量衰减。
