Bell Suzanne, Nida Corey
C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry/Department of Forensic and Investigative Sciences, West Virginia University, 1600 University Ave, 208 Oglebay Hall, Morgantown, WV, 26508-6121, USA.
C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, 1600 University Ave, 208 Oglebay Hall, Morgantown, WV, 26508-6121, USA.
Drug Test Anal. 2015 Jun;7(6):445-56. doi: 10.1002/dta.1794. Epub 2015 Apr 13.
This review summarizes the literature to date relating to pyrolysis and heated vapour ingestion of drugs of abuse. In this context, heating is referred to as smoking or pyrolysis, but these are generic descriptors that encompass numerous methods of vapour generation and inhalation. Depending on the amount of drug used, diluents and contaminants present, heating conditions, and the oxidative/reductive environment, many thermal decomposition products can be formed. In addition to the recognized hazard of rapid onset of pharmacological effects of the parent drug, thermal decomposition products may be pharmacologically active as well as acutely/chronically toxic. For example, several published reports have linked heroin smoking to a form of brain encephalopathy and to the development of movement disorders. Early qualitative studies focusing on the thermal decomposition of drugs have evolved into more complex investigations employing mass spectral identification, confirmation, and elucidation of formation mechanism. In most cases, thermal decomposition begins with cleavage of the weakest bond (often C-N) to generate free radicals that then form the most stable sterically favoured products. Several reports of rearrangements at higher temperatures have been identified and hint at an underlying complexity that arises from the variety of smoking methods and conditions. Given that many designer drugs such as synthetic cannabinoids are ingested primarily through smoking, this issue has taken on new importance.
本综述总结了迄今为止与滥用药物的热解和加热蒸汽吸入相关的文献。在此背景下，加热被称为吸烟或热解，但这些都是通用描述词，涵盖了多种蒸汽产生和吸入方法。根据所用药物的量、存在的稀释剂和污染物、加热条件以及氧化/还原环境，可形成许多热分解产物。除了母体药物药理作用快速起效这一公认危害外，热分解产物可能具有药理活性，也可能具有急/慢性毒性。例如，一些已发表的报告将吸食海洛因与一种形式的脑脑病以及运动障碍的发展联系起来。早期关注药物热分解的定性研究已发展为采用质谱鉴定、确认和形成机制阐释的更复杂研究。在大多数情况下，热分解始于最弱键（通常是C-N）的断裂，生成自由基，然后形成最稳定的空间有利产物。已发现一些关于高温下重排的报告，并暗示了由于吸烟方法和条件的多样性而产生的潜在复杂性。鉴于许多合成大麻素等新型毒品主要通过吸烟摄入，这个问题具有了新的重要性。
