Carter S L
School of Nursing, Indiana State University, Terre Haute.
Nurs Res. 1989 Nov-Dec;38(6):354-8.
A thematic analysis of 30 narrative accounts of bereavement revealed nine themes that included five core themes in bereavement--being stopped, hurting, missing, holding, and seeking; three meta-themes about bereavement--change, expectations, and inexpressibility; and a contextual theme--personal history. The themes were compared with three theoretical perspectives on bereavement by Freud, Kübler-Ross, and one defined as existential-phenomenological. Features of bereavement that are dissimilar or unaddressed by the theoretical perspectives were: (a) the quality of grief's changing character, including "waves" and intense pain which may be triggered years after the death; (b) holding, an individual process of preserving the fact and meaning of the loved one's existence; (c) expectations, both social and personal, as to how the bereaved should be overlaying the experience; and (d) the critical importance of personal history in affecting the quality and meaning of individual bereavement.
对30篇丧亲叙事的主题分析揭示了九个主题，其中包括丧亲的五个核心主题——停滞、伤痛、思念、维系和探寻；关于丧亲的三个元主题——变化、期望和难以言表；以及一个情境主题——个人经历。这些主题与弗洛伊德、库伯勒-罗斯以及一个被定义为存在主义-现象学的关于丧亲的三种理论视角进行了比较。理论视角未涉及或与之不同的丧亲特征包括：(a)悲伤变化特征的性质，包括“波动”和可能在死亡数年之后引发的剧痛；(b)维系，即保留所爱之人存在的事实和意义的个体过程；(c)关于丧亲者应如何应对这种经历的社会和个人期望；以及(d)个人经历在影响个体丧亲的质量和意义方面的至关重要性。
