Cohen-Hatton Sabrina R, Butler Philip C, Honey Robert C
Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom.
London Fire Brigade, London, United Kingdom.
Hum Factors. 2015 Aug;57(5):793-804. doi: 10.1177/0018720815578266. Epub 2015 Mar 30.
The aim of this study was to better understand the nature of decision making at operational incidents in order to inform operational guidance and training.
Normative models of decision making have been adopted in the guidance and training for emergency services. In these models, it is assumed that decision makers assess the current situation, formulate plans, and then execute the plans. However, our understanding of how decision making unfolds at operational incidents remains limited.
Incident commanders, attending 33 incidents across six U.K. Fire and Rescue Services, were fitted with helmet-mounted cameras, and the resulting video footage was later independently coded and used to prompt participants to provide a running commentary concerning their decisions.
The analysis revealed that assessment of the operational situation was most often followed by plan execution rather than plan formulation, and there was little evidence of prospection about the potential consequences of actions. This pattern of results was consistent across different types of incident, characterized by level of risk and time pressure, but was affected by the operational experience of the participants.
Decision making did not follow the sequence of phases assumed by normative models and conveyed in current operational guidance but instead was influenced by both reflective and reflexive processes.
These results have clear implications for understanding operational decision making as it occurs in situ and suggest a need for future guidance and training to acknowledge the role of reflexive processes.
本研究旨在更好地理解行动事件中的决策本质，以便为行动指南和培训提供参考。
应急服务的指南和培训采用了规范性决策模型。在这些模型中，假定决策者会评估当前形势、制定计划，然后执行计划。然而，我们对行动事件中决策过程的理解仍然有限。
在英国六个消防与救援服务部门参与33起事件的 incident commanders 佩戴了头盔式摄像机，随后对由此产生的视频片段进行独立编码，并用于促使参与者对其决策进行连续评论。
分析表明，对行动形势的评估之后通常是计划执行而非计划制定，而且几乎没有证据表明会对行动的潜在后果进行展望。这种结果模式在不同类型的事件中是一致的，以风险水平和时间压力为特征，但受参与者的行动经验影响。
决策并非遵循规范性模型所假定并在当前行动指南中传达的阶段顺序，而是受反思性和反射性过程的影响。
这些结果对于理解现场发生的行动决策具有明确意义，并表明未来的指南和培训需要承认反射性过程的作用。
