Cohen-Hatton Sabrina R, Honey R C
School of Psychology, Cardiff University.
J Exp Psychol Appl. 2015 Dec;21(4):395-406. doi: 10.1037/xap0000061. Epub 2015 Nov 2.
Decisions made by operational commanders at emergency incidents have been characterized as involving a period of information gathering followed by courses of action that are often generated without explicit plan formulation. We examined the efficacy of goal-oriented training in engendering explicit planning that would enable better communication at emergency incidents. While standard training mirrored current operational guidance, goal-oriented training incorporated "decision controls" that highlighted the importance of evaluating goals, anticipated consequences, and risk/benefit analyses once a potential course of action has been identified. In Experiment 1, 3 scenarios (a house fire, road traffic collision, and skip fire) were presented in a virtual environment, and in Experiment 2 they were recreated on the fireground. In Experiment 3, the house fire was recreated as a "live burn," and incident commanders and their crews responded to this scenario as an emergency incident. In all experiments, groups given standard training showed the reported tendency to move directly from information gathering to action, whereas those given goal-oriented training were more likely to develop explicit plans and show anticipatory situational awareness. These results indicate that training can be readily modified to promote explicit plan formulation that could facilitate plan sharing between incident commanders and their teams.
先是一段信息收集期，随后采取的行动方案往往未经明确的计划制定就产生了。我们研究了目标导向训练在促成明确规划方面的效果，这种明确规划能够在应急事件中实现更好的沟通。标准训练反映了当前的作战指导方针，而目标导向训练纳入了“决策控制”，强调一旦确定了潜在的行动方案，评估目标、预期后果以及风险/收益分析的重要性。在实验1中，在虚拟环境中呈现了3个场景（房屋火灾、道路交通碰撞和垃圾火灾），在实验2中，这些场景在火场中重现。在实验3中，房屋火灾被重现为“实火演练”，事故指挥官及其团队将此场景作为应急事件做出响应。在所有实验中，接受标准训练的小组表现出从信息收集直接转向行动的倾向，而接受目标导向训练的小组更有可能制定明确的计划并表现出预期的态势感知能力。这些结果表明，训练可以很容易地进行调整，以促进明确的计划制定，这有助于事故指挥官及其团队之间的计划共享。
