“无礼的男性，可鄙的女性”：斯里兰卡自由贸易区男性对异性恋关系和婚前性行为的看法——一项定性访谈研究
'Disrespectful men, disrespectable women': men's perceptions on heterosexual relationships and premarital sex in a Sri Lankan Free Trade Zone - a qualitative interview study.
作者信息
Jordal Malin, Wijewardena Kumudu, Öhman Ann, Essén Birgitta, Olsson Pia
机构信息
Department of Women's and Children's Health, International Maternal and Child Health (IMCH), Akademiska sjukhuset, SE-751 85, Uppsala, Sweden.
Department of Community Medicine, Sri Jayawardenapura University, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka.
出版信息
BMC Int Health Hum Rights. 2015 Feb 7;15:3. doi: 10.1186/s12914-015-0040-4.
BACKGROUND
Gender norms have been challenged by unmarried rural women's migration for employment to urban Sri Lankan Free Trade Zones (FTZ). Men are described as looking for sexual experiences among the women workers, who are then accused of engaging in premarital sex, something seen as taboo in this context. Increased sexual and reproductive health and rights (SRHR) risks for women workers are reported. To improve SRHR it is important to understand the existing gender ideals that shape these behaviours. This qualitative study explores men's perspectives on gender relations in an urban Sri Lankan FTZ, with a focus on heterosexual relationships and premarital sex. Further, possible implications for SRHR of women workers in FTZs are discussed.
METHODS
Eighteen qualitative semi-structured interviews were conducted with men living or working in an urban Sri Lankan FTZ and were analysed using thematic analysis.
RESULTS
Two conflicting constructions of masculinity; the 'disrespectful womaniser' and the 'respectful partner', were discerned. The 'disrespectful womaniser' was perceived to be predominant and was considered immoral while the 'respectful partner' was considered to be less prevalent, but was seen as morally upright. The migrant women workers' moral values upon arrival to the FTZ were perceived to deteriorate with time spent in the FTZ. Heterosexual relationships and premarital sex were seen as common, however, ideals of female respectability and secrecy around premarital sex were perceived to jeopardize contraceptive use and thus counteract SRHR.
CONCLUSION
The 'disrespectful' masculinity revealed in the FTZ is reflective of the patriarchal Sri Lankan society that enables men's entitlement and sexual domination over women. Deterioration of men's economic power and increase of women's economic and social independence may also be important aspects contributing to men's antagonistic attitudes towards women. The promotion of negative attitudes towards women is normalized through masculine peer pressure. This and ambivalence towards women's premarital sex are undermining the SRHR and well-being of women, but also men, in the FTZ. Awareness and counteraction of destructive gender power relations are essential for the improvement of the SRHR of women and men in the FTZ and the surrounding society.
背景
未婚农村女性前往斯里兰卡城市自由贸易区（FTZ）务工，这对性别规范提出了挑战。有描述称，男性在女工中寻求性体验，而女工随后被指责有婚前性行为，在这种背景下，婚前性行为被视为禁忌。据报告，女工面临的性健康和生殖健康及权利（SRHR）风险有所增加。为改善性健康和生殖健康及权利，了解塑造这些行为的现有性别观念很重要。这项定性研究探讨了斯里兰卡城市自由贸易区男性对性别关系的看法，重点关注异性恋关系和婚前性行为。此外，还讨论了自由贸易区女工在性健康和生殖健康及权利方面可能受到的影响。
方法
对生活或工作在斯里兰卡城市自由贸易区的男性进行了18次定性半结构化访谈，并采用主题分析法进行分析。
结果
辨别出两种相互冲突的男性气质建构；“不尊重女性的花花公子”和“尊重伴侣的人”。“不尊重女性的花花公子”被认为占主导地位且不道德，而“尊重伴侣的人”则被认为不太普遍，但被视为道德高尚。移民女工刚到自由贸易区时的道德价值观被认为会随着在自由贸易区的时间推移而恶化。异性恋关系和婚前性行为被视为常见现象，然而，女性的端庄以及围绕婚前性行为的保密性观念被认为会危及避孕措施的使用，从而对性健康和生殖健康及权利产生不利影响。
结论
自由贸易区中揭示的“不尊重女性”的男性气质反映了父权制的斯里兰卡社会，这种社会使男性对女性拥有权利和性支配地位。男性经济权力的下降以及女性经济和社会独立性的增强，也可能是导致男性对女性持敌对态度的重要因素。通过男性同伴压力，对女性的负面态度的宣扬变得常态化。这种情况以及对女性婚前性行为的矛盾态度，正在损害自由贸易区中女性以及男性的性健康和生殖健康及权利以及福祉。认识并应对具有破坏性的性别权力关系，对于改善自由贸易区及周边社会中男女的性健康和生殖健康及权利至关重要。
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