Saravanan Sheela
Cluster of Excellence, Asia and Europe in a Global Context, Karl Jaspers Centre for Advanced Transcultural Studies, Heidelberg University, Germany,
Med Health Care Philos. 2015 Aug;18(3):295-307. doi: 10.1007/s11019-015-9640-y.
Inequalities, ineffective governance, unclear surrogacy regulations and unethical practices make India an ideal environment for global injustice in the process of commercial surrogacy. This article aims to apply the 'capabilities approach' to find possibilities of global justice through human fellowship in the context of commercial surrogacy. I draw primarily on my research findings supplemented by other relevant empirical research and documentary films on surrogacy. The paper reveals inequalities and inadequate basic entitlements among surrogate mothers as a consequence of which they are engaged in unjust contracts. Their limited entitlements also limit their opportunities to engage in enriching goals. It is the role of the state to provide all its citizens with basic entitlements and protect their basic human rights. Individuals in India evading their basic duty also contribute to the existing inequalities. Individual responsibilities of the medical practitioners and the intended parents are in question here as they are more inclined towards self-interest rather than commitment towards human fellowship. At the global level, the injustice in transnational commercial surrogacy practices in developing countries calls for an international declaration of women and child rights in third party reproduction with a normative vision of mutual fellowship and human dignity.
不平等、治理不力、代孕法规不明确以及不道德行为，使得印度成为商业代孕过程中全球不公正现象的理想滋生环境。本文旨在运用“能力方法”，在商业代孕背景下通过人类情谊探寻实现全球正义的可能性。我主要依据自己的研究结果，并辅以其他相关的关于代孕的实证研究和纪录片。该论文揭示了代孕母亲之间的不平等以及基本权利的不足，这导致她们签订不公正的合同。她们有限的权利也限制了她们追求有意义目标的机会。国家的职责是为所有公民提供基本权利并保护他们的基本人权。印度的个人逃避其基本责任也加剧了现有的不平等。在此，医生和准父母的个人责任受到质疑，因为他们更倾向于自身利益而非对人类情谊的承诺。在全球层面，发展中国家跨国商业代孕行为中的不公正现象，需要一份关于第三方生殖中妇女和儿童权利的国际宣言，以实现相互情谊和人类尊严的规范性愿景。
