Pace-Schott Edward F, Germain Anne, Milad Mohammed R
Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital.
Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh.
Psychol Bull. 2015 Jul;141(4):835-57. doi: 10.1037/bul0000014. Epub 2015 Apr 20.
Learning and memory for extinction of conditioned fear is a basic mammalian mechanism for regulating negative emotion. Sleep promotes both the consolidation of memory and the regulation of emotion. Sleep can influence consolidation and modification of memories associated with both fear and its extinction. After brief overviews of the behavior and neural circuitry associated with fear conditioning, extinction learning, and extinction memory in the rodent and human, interactions of sleep with these processes will be examined. Animal and human studies suggest that sleep can serve to consolidate both fear and extinction memory. In humans, sleep also promotes generalization of extinction memory. Time-of-day effects on extinction learning and generalization are also seen. Rapid eye movement (REM) may be a sleep stage of particular importance for the consolidation of both fear and extinction memory as evidenced by selective REM deprivation experiments. REM sleep is accompanied by selective activation of the same limbic structures implicated in the learning and memory of fear and extinction. Preliminary evidence also suggests extinction learning can take place during slow wave sleep. Study of low-level processes such as conditioning, extinction, and habituation may allow sleep effects on emotional memory to be identified and inform study of sleep's effects on more complex, emotionally salient declarative memories. Anxiety disorders are marked by impairments of both sleep and extinction memory. Improving sleep quality may ameliorate anxiety disorders by strengthening naturally acquired extinction. Strategically timed sleep may be used to enhance treatment of anxiety by strengthening therapeutic extinction learned via exposure therapy. (PsycINFO Database Record
对条件性恐惧消退的学习和记忆是哺乳动物调节负面情绪的一种基本机制。睡眠既促进记忆巩固，也调节情绪。睡眠会影响与恐惧及其消退相关的记忆的巩固和改变。在简要概述啮齿动物和人类中与恐惧条件作用、消退学习及消退记忆相关的行为和神经回路后，将探讨睡眠与这些过程的相互作用。动物和人类研究表明，睡眠有助于巩固恐惧记忆和消退记忆。在人类中，睡眠还能促进消退记忆的泛化。一天中的不同时间对消退学习和泛化也有影响。快速眼动（REM）睡眠可能是对恐惧记忆和消退记忆巩固尤为重要的睡眠阶段，选择性REM睡眠剥夺实验证明了这一点。REM睡眠伴随着与恐惧和消退的学习及记忆相关的相同边缘结构的选择性激活。初步证据还表明，消退学习可在慢波睡眠期间发生。对诸如条件作用、消退和习惯化等低层次过程的研究，可能有助于确定睡眠对情绪记忆的影响，并为研究睡眠对更复杂、情绪突出的陈述性记忆的影响提供信息。焦虑症的特征是睡眠和消退记忆受损。改善睡眠质量可能通过加强自然获得的消退来改善焦虑症。策略性地安排睡眠时间可用于通过加强经暴露疗法习得的治疗性消退来增强焦虑症的治疗效果。（PsycINFO数据库记录）
