Sakakibara Akira, Hatanaka Yumiko
College of Life and Health Sciences, Chubu University Kasugai, Japan.
Division of Cerebral Circuitry, National Institute for Physiological Sciences Okazaki, Japan ; Japan Science and Technology Agency, Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology Tokyo, Japan.
Front Neurosci. 2015 Apr 8;9:116. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00116. eCollection 2015.
Cortical neurons consist of excitatory projection neurons and inhibitory GABAergic interneurons, whose connections construct highly organized neuronal circuits that control higher order information processing. Recent progress in live imaging has allowed us to examine how these neurons differentiate during development in vivo or in in vivo-like conditions. These analyses have revealed how the initial steps of polarization, in which neurons establish an axon, occur. Interestingly, both excitatory and inhibitory cortical neurons establish neuronal polarity de novo by undergoing a multipolar stage reminiscent of the manner in which polarity formation occurs in hippocampal neurons in dissociated culture. In this review, we focus on polarity formation in cortical neurons and describe their typical morphology and dynamic behavior during the polarization period. We also discuss cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying polarization, with reference to polarity formation in dissociated hippocampal neurons in vitro.
皮质神经元由兴奋性投射神经元和抑制性γ-氨基丁酸能中间神经元组成，它们之间的连接构建了高度有组织的神经回路，控制着高阶信息处理。实时成像技术的最新进展使我们能够研究这些神经元在体内或类似体内条件下发育过程中的分化情况。这些分析揭示了神经元建立轴突的极化初始步骤是如何发生的。有趣的是，兴奋性和抑制性皮质神经元都通过经历一个多极阶段从头建立神经元极性，这类似于在解离培养的海马神经元中极性形成的方式。在这篇综述中，我们聚焦于皮质神经元的极性形成，并描述它们在极化期间的典型形态和动态行为。我们还将参考体外解离海马神经元中的极性形成，讨论极性形成的细胞和分子机制。
