Nicolaides Nicolas C., Kino Tomoshige, Chrousos George
Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, First Department of Pediatrics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, ‘Aghia Sophia’ Children's Hospital, Athens, 11527, Greece; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Center of Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, 11527, Greece; University Research Institute of Maternal and Child Health and Precision Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
Division of Translational Medicine, Sidra Medical and Research Center, Doha, Qatar
The Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS), caused by infection with the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type-1 (HIV), is characterized by profound immunosuppression, particularly of the innate, and T-helper (Th) 1-directed immunity. AIDS causes multisystem dysfunction, including impairment of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, a major system coordinating the resting state and the adaptive response to stress. This neuroendocrine axis consists of three components: the hypothalamus, the pituitary gland, and the adrenal cortex with its end-effector molecules, the glucocorticoids. AIDS/HIV influence the HPA axis directly, through modulation of the host immune activity and alterations of the cellular biological pathways via HIV-encoded proteins, as well as indirectly, through immunodeficiency-associated opportunistic infections and various side effects of the therapeutic compounds employed, including those used in the highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). In this chapter, the interaction between AIDS/HIV and the HPA axis is reviewed and discussed. For complete coverage of all related areas of Endocrinology, please visit our on-line FREE web-text, WWW.ENDOTEXT.ORG.
获得性免疫缺陷综合征（AIDS）由1型人类免疫缺陷病毒（HIV）感染引起，其特征为严重免疫抑制，尤其是先天性免疫以及辅助性T细胞1（Th1）介导的免疫。AIDS导致多系统功能障碍，包括下丘脑 - 垂体 - 肾上腺（HPA）轴功能受损，该轴是协调静息状态和对应激适应性反应的主要系统。这个神经内分泌轴由三个部分组成：下丘脑、垂体以及肾上腺皮质及其终末效应分子糖皮质激素。AIDS/HIV通过调节宿主免疫活性以及经由HIV编码蛋白改变细胞生物学途径直接影响HPA轴，还通过免疫缺陷相关的机会性感染以及所用治疗化合物的各种副作用（包括高效抗逆转录病毒治疗（HAART）中使用的那些药物）间接影响HPA轴。在本章中，将对AIDS/HIV与HPA轴之间的相互作用进行综述和讨论。欲全面涵盖内分泌学的所有相关领域，请访问我们的在线免费网络文本，网址为WWW.ENDOTEXT.ORG。
