Khaymovich I M, Koski J V, Saira O-P, Kravtsov V E, Pekola J P
Low Temperature Laboratory, Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland.
Department for Physics of Superconductivity, Institute for Physics of Microstructures, Russian Academy of Sciences, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, GSP-105, Russia.
Nat Commun. 2015 Apr 27;6:7010. doi: 10.1038/ncomms8010.
Systems driven out of equilibrium experience large fluctuations of the dissipated work. The same is true for wavefunction amplitudes in disordered systems close to the Anderson localization transition. In both cases, the probability distribution function is given by the large-deviation ansatz. Here we exploit the analogy between the statistics of work dissipated in a driven single-electron box and that of random multifractal wavefunction amplitudes, and uncover new relations that generalize the Jarzynski equality. We checked the new relations theoretically using the rate equations for sequential tunnelling of electrons and experimentally by measuring the dissipated work in a driven single-electron box and found a remarkable correspondence. The results represent an important universal feature of the work statistics in systems out of equilibrium and help to understand the nature of the symmetry of multifractal exponents in the theory of Anderson localization.
远离平衡态的系统会经历耗散功的大幅波动。对于接近安德森局域化转变的无序系统中的波函数振幅而言，情况亦是如此。在这两种情况下，概率分布函数均由大偏差假设给出。在此，我们利用驱动单电子盒中耗散功的统计与随机多重分形波函数振幅的统计之间的类比，揭示了推广雅津斯基等式的新关系。我们使用电子顺序隧穿的速率方程从理论上检验了这些新关系，并通过测量驱动单电子盒中的耗散功进行了实验验证，结果发现二者具有显著的一致性。这些结果代表了远离平衡态系统中功统计的一个重要普遍特征，有助于理解安德森局域化理论中多重分形指数对称性的本质。
