儿童对偏见互惠性和灵活性的信念。
Children's beliefs in reciprocation of biases and flexibility.
作者信息
Rennels Jennifer L, Langlois Judith H
机构信息
Department of Psychology, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA.
Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
出版信息
J Exp Child Psychol. 2015 Sep;137:39-56. doi: 10.1016/j.jecp.2015.03.007. Epub 2015 Apr 27.
Children display positive and negative biases based on peers' attractiveness, gender, and race, but it is unclear whether children who associate positive attributes with certain peers also believe those peers think positively of them. In each domain (attractiveness, gender, and race), we measured 3- to 11-year-olds' (N = 102) biases and flexibility and their beliefs in reciprocity of bias and flexibility by asking who would think positively of them. Children could choose one of two unfamiliar peers (forced choice assessment) or had the additional options of choosing both peers or neither peer (non-forced choice assessment). We found that children often displayed beliefs in reciprocation, with beliefs in positive bias reciprocation from attractive girls showing the largest effect sizes. These beliefs were significantly correlated with and were predictive of children's positive and negative biases and flexibility. The duality of children's beliefs may contribute to strengthening their biases and segregating social groups.
儿童会基于同伴的吸引力、性别和种族表现出积极和消极的偏见，但尚不清楚那些将积极特质与某些同伴联系起来的儿童是否也认为这些同伴对他们有积极的看法。在每个领域（吸引力、性别和种族），我们通过询问谁会对他们有积极看法，测量了3至11岁儿童（N = 102）的偏见和灵活性，以及他们对偏见和灵活性互惠性的信念。儿童可以从两个不熟悉的同伴中选择一个（强制选择评估），或者有额外的选择，即可以选择两个同伴或不选择任何同伴（非强制选择评估）。我们发现，儿童常常表现出对互惠的信念，其中对有吸引力女孩的积极偏见互惠的信念显示出最大的效应量。这些信念与儿童的积极和消极偏见及灵活性显著相关且具有预测性。儿童信念的二元性可能有助于强化他们的偏见并使社会群体隔离。
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