García-Casal María Nieves
Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas, Centro de Medicina Experimental, Laboratorio de Fisiopatología, Caracas, Venezuela.
Arch Latinoam Nutr. 2013 Dec;63(4):321-8.
Vitamin A deficiency is one of the most prevalent nutritional deficiencies worldwide, mainly affecting children and women. The cause of vitamin A deficiency is insufficient intake, especially in presence of infection and the consequences of the deficiency are xerophthalmia, night blindness, anemia, increased susceptibility to infections and the still controversial increase in infant mortality. National evidence at this point is insufficient to establish the recommendation, and as in the 2000 review of the Venezuelan RDAs, the actual recommendations are based on the reported for the United States population. The Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) for Venezuela are 400-500 RE/day for infants, 300-400 RE/day for children 600 RE/day for adolescents, 900 RE/day for men and 700 RE/day for women, increasing to 750 RE/day for pregnancy and to 1200-1300 RE/day during lactation, depending on the age. The estimated average requirement (EAR) is between 210 and 275 RE/day for children, 445 RE/day for male adolescents, 420 RE/day for female adolescents, 630 RE/day for men and 485 RE/day for women, increasing to 530-550 and 885-900 RE/ day during pregnancy and lactation, respectively. The tolerable upper intake levels (UL) for vitamin A are 600 RE/day for children, 1700 a 2800 RE/day for adolescents and 3000 RE/day for adults, males and females.
维生素A缺乏是全球最普遍的营养缺乏症之一，主要影响儿童和妇女。维生素A缺乏的原因是摄入不足，尤其是在感染情况下，而这种缺乏症的后果包括干眼病、夜盲症、贫血、易感性增加以及婴儿死亡率上升（这一点仍存在争议）。目前国内的证据不足以确立相关建议，与2000年委内瑞拉推荐膳食摄入量的审查情况一样，实际建议是基于美国人群的报告。委内瑞拉的推荐膳食摄入量（RDA）为：婴儿每天400 - 500视黄醇当量（RE），儿童每天300 - 400 RE，青少年每天600 RE，男性每天900 RE，女性每天700 RE，怀孕期增至每天750 RE，哺乳期增至每天1200 - 1300 RE，具体取决于年龄。儿童的估计平均需求量（EAR）为每天210至275 RE，男性青少年为每天445 RE，女性青少年为每天420 RE，男性为每天630 RE，女性为每天485 RE，怀孕期和哺乳期分别增至每天530 - 550 RE和885 - 900 RE。维生素A的可耐受最高摄入量（UL）为：儿童每天600 RE，青少年每天1700至2800 RE，成年人（男性和女性）每天3000 RE。
