Christia C, Bizani E, Christophoridis C, Fytianos K
Environmental Pollution Control Laboratory, Chemistry Department, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, University Campus, Thessaloniki, 54124, Greece.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2015 Sep;22(17):13167-78. doi: 10.1007/s11356-015-4456-0. Epub 2015 May 2.
Acetate- and citrate-buffered quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, safe (QuEChERS) pretreatment methods were evaluated for the determination of various pesticides in peaches, grapes, apples, bananas, pears, and strawberries from various regions of Greece, using LC-MS/MS. The purposes of this study were (i) to evaluate which type of QuEChERS method was the most appropriate and effective for each matrix; (ii) to apply the selected QuEChERS method for each matrix, in order to detect and quantify pesticide residues in various fruit samples using UPLC-MS/MS; (iii) to examine the concentration distribution of pesticide classes among fruit originating from various areas; and (iv) to assess pesticide concentration distribution between peel and flesh of fruit in order to evaluate the penetration of pesticide residues in the fruit flesh. Acetate-buffered QuEChERS was found to be the most suitable technique for most of the fruit matrices. According to the recovery values at two different concentration levels, peaches should preferably be treated by the citrate-buffered type, whereas grapes, bananas, apples, pears, and strawberries are best treated by the acetate-buffered version, although the differences in efficiency were small. The addition of graphitized carbon black significantly decreases the recovery of specific pesticides in all matrices except for strawberries. The majority of values do not exceed the official maximum residue levels set by the European Commission. Organophosphates proved to be the most commonly detected category along with triazines-triazoles-conazoles group and by carbamates. Apples and pears seem to be the most contaminated fruit matrices among those tested. Distribution of pesticide classes shows variations between different regions, suggesting different pesticide application practices. In the case of peaches and pears, there is an equal distribution of detected pesticides between peel and flesh, indicating penetration of contaminants into the fruit flesh.
采用液相色谱-串联质谱法（LC-MS/MS），对乙酸盐缓冲和柠檬酸盐缓冲的快速、简便、廉价、高效、耐用、安全（QuEChERS）预处理方法进行了评估，以测定希腊不同地区桃子、葡萄、苹果、香蕉、梨和草莓中的多种农药。本研究的目的是：（i）评估哪种类型的QuEChERS方法对每种基质最为合适和有效；（ii）对每种基质应用选定的QuEChERS方法，以便使用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法（UPLC-MS/MS）检测和定量各种水果样品中的农药残留；（iii）研究不同地区水果中农药类别的浓度分布；（iv）评估水果果皮和果肉之间的农药浓度分布，以评估农药残留向果肉中的渗透情况。结果发现，乙酸盐缓冲的QuEChERS是大多数水果基质最合适的技术。根据两个不同浓度水平的回收率，桃子最好用柠檬酸盐缓冲型处理，而葡萄、香蕉、苹果、梨和草莓最好用乙酸盐缓冲型处理，尽管效率差异很小。除草莓外，在所有基质中添加石墨化炭黑都会显著降低特定农药的回收率。大多数数值未超过欧盟委员会规定的官方最大残留限量。事实证明，有机磷类农药是最常检测到的类别，其次是三嗪-三唑-康唑类和氨基甲酸酯类。在所测试的水果基质中，苹果和梨似乎是受污染最严重的。农药类别的分布在不同地区之间存在差异，表明农药施用方式不同。就桃子和梨而言，检测到的农药在果皮和果肉之间分布均匀，表明污染物已渗透到果肉中。
