Gao Yaping, Chen Liping, Yang Shun-nan, Wang Haiying, Yao Jiaxin, Dai Qun, Chang Shuzhi
*MS †PhD School of Optometry, Tianjin Vocational Institute, Tianjin, China (YG, LC, HW); Vision Performance Institute, Pacific University College of Optometry, Forest Grove, Oregon (S-nY); and Laboratory for Psychophysiological Research in Sports, Tianjin University of Sport, Tianjin, China (JY, QD, SC).
Optom Vis Sci. 2015 Jun;92(6):679-89. doi: 10.1097/OPX.0000000000000599.
Monitoring and intercepting a fast approaching object is a critical skill for many sports. Athletes might be distinguished from nonathletes based on their ability to access various visual abilities to accomplish interceptive actions. Here, we examined whether interceptive visuomotor skills of athletes and nonathletes are differently correlated to a hierarchy of visuo-oculomotor abilities related to the perception of motion in depth.
Eighty-six athletes in interceptive sports, as well as 60 nonathletes, were recruited based on their sport performance and prior experiences. Their basic visual abilities (dominant eye acuity, contrast sensitivity, visual span, and visual memory) and complex visuo-oculomotor abilities (dynamic acuity, accommodative facility, near point of convergence, and near/far phoria) were analyzed in relation to critical visuomotor skills (manual interception, visually guided locomotion, and depth judgment).
Discriminant analysis revealed that athletes and nonathletes can be accurately differentiated based on measured visuomotor skills (91.3% accuracy, p < 0.0001). Near point of convergence, accommodative facility, and dynamic acuity were moderately effective in identifying athletes (71.3%, p = 0.002) and in predicting the three visuomotor skills (all r(2) ≥ 0.096, all p ≤ 0.022). Dominant eye acuity and contrast sensitivity also identified athletes (61.4%, p = 0.021) and contributed to complex visuo-oculomotor abilities (all r(2) ≥ 0.046, all p ≤ 0.039). The correlations among measured abilities were more significant for athletes than nonathletes.
Athletes in interceptive sports are superior to nonathletes in their visuomotor skills. They also have broader access to various visual and complex visuo-oculomotor abilities than nonathletes. This likely allows athletes to more effectively coordinate visual and oculomotor abilities under demanding conditions when some visual cues are degraded. The present findings are consistent with a pyramid of sports vision and suggest a top-down process for athlete screening and training.
监测和拦截快速逼近的物体是许多运动项目中的一项关键技能。运动员与非运动员的区别可能在于他们运用各种视觉能力来完成拦截动作的能力。在此，我们研究了运动员和非运动员的拦截视觉运动技能与与深度运动感知相关的视觉-眼动能力层次结构之间的相关性是否存在差异。
根据运动表现和以往经验招募了86名从事拦截性运动的运动员以及60名非运动员。分析了他们的基本视觉能力（优势眼视力、对比敏感度、视觉广度和视觉记忆）和复杂的视觉-眼动能力（动态视力、调节能力、集合近点以及近/远隐斜）与关键视觉运动技能（手动拦截、视觉引导的运动和深度判断）之间的关系。
判别分析表明，根据测量的视觉运动技能可以准确区分运动员和非运动员（准确率91.3%，p < 0.0001）。集合近点、调节能力和动态视力在识别运动员方面具有中等效力（71.3%，p = 0.002），并且在预测三项视觉运动技能方面也有作用（所有r(2)≥0.096，所有p≤0.022）。优势眼视力和对比敏感度也能识别运动员（61.4%，p = 0.021），并对复杂的视觉-眼动能力有贡献（所有r(2)≥0.046，所有p≤0.039）。测量能力之间的相关性在运动员中比在非运动员中更显著。
从事拦截性运动的运动员在视觉运动技能方面优于非运动员。他们在获取各种视觉和复杂的视觉-眼动能力方面也比非运动员更广泛。这可能使运动员在一些视觉线索退化的苛刻条件下，能够更有效地协调视觉和眼动能力。目前的研究结果与运动视觉金字塔一致，并为运动员筛选和训练提出了一个自上而下的过程。
