Ruiz-Fons F
Health & Biotechnology (SaBio) Group, Spanish Wildlife Research Institute (IREC; CSIC-UCLM-JCCCM), Ciudad Real, Spain.
Transbound Emerg Dis. 2017 Feb;64(1):68-88. doi: 10.1111/tbed.12369. Epub 2015 May 8.
Many wild swine populations in different parts of the World have experienced an unprecedented demographic explosion that may result in increased exposure of humans to wild swine zoonotic pathogens. Interactions between humans and wild swine leading to pathogen transmission could come from different ways, being hunters and game professionals the most exposed to acquiring infections from wild swine. However, increasing human settlements in semi-natural areas, outdoor activities, socio-economic changes and food habits may increase the rate of exposure to wild swine zoonotic pathogens and to potentially emerging pathogens from wild swine. Frequent and increasing contact rate between humans and wild swine points to an increasing chance of zoonotic pathogens arising from wild swine to be transmitted to humans. Whether this frequent contact could lead to new zoonotic pathogens emerging from wild swine to cause human epidemics or emerging disease outbreaks is difficult to predict, and assessment should be based on thorough epidemiologic surveillance. Additionally, several gaps in knowledge on wild swine global population dynamics trends and wild swine-zoonotic pathogen interactions should be addressed to correctly assess the potential role of wild swine in the emergence of diseases in humans. In this work, viruses such as hepatitis E virus, Japanese encephalitis virus, Influenza virus and Nipah virus, and bacteria such as Salmonella spp., Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli, Campylobacter spp. and Leptospira spp. have been identified as the most prone to be transmitted from wild swine to humans on the basis of geographic spread in wild swine populations worldwide, pathogen circulation rates in wild swine populations, wild swine population trends in endemic areas, susceptibility of humans to infection, transmissibility from wild swine to humans and existing evidence of wild swine-human transmission events.
世界不同地区的许多野猪种群经历了前所未有的数量激增，这可能导致人类接触野猪人畜共患病原体的机会增加。人类与野猪之间导致病原体传播的相互作用可能有不同方式，猎人及野味行业从业者最容易从野猪身上感染疾病。然而，半自然地区人类定居点的增加、户外活动、社会经济变化和饮食习惯可能会增加接触野猪人畜共患病原体以及潜在的野猪新出现病原体的几率。人类与野猪之间频繁且不断增加的接触率表明，野猪产生的人畜共患病原体传播给人类的可能性越来越大。这种频繁接触是否会导致野猪出现新的人畜共患病原体从而引发人类流行病或新发病原体爆发难以预测，评估应基于全面的流行病学监测。此外，需要填补关于野猪全球种群动态趋势以及野猪-人畜共患病原体相互作用方面的若干知识空白，以便正确评估野猪在人类疾病出现过程中的潜在作用。在这项研究中，基于全球野猪种群的地理分布、野猪种群中的病原体传播率、流行地区的野猪种群趋势、人类对感染的易感性、从野猪传播给人类的传播能力以及野猪-人类传播事件的现有证据，戊型肝炎病毒、日本脑炎病毒、流感病毒和尼帕病毒等病毒，以及沙门氏菌属、产志贺毒素大肠杆菌、弯曲杆菌属和钩端螺旋体属等细菌被确定为最容易从野猪传播给人类的病原体。
