Ulmer Jared M, Chapman James E, Kershaw Suzanne E, Campbell Monica, Frank Lawrence D
Urban Design 4 Health.
Can J Public Health. 2014 Jul 11;106(1 Suppl 1):eS26-34. doi: 10.17269/cjph.106.4338.
To create and apply an empirically based health and greenhouse gas (GHG) impact assessment tool linking detailed measures of walkability and regional accessibility with travel, physical activity, health indicators and GHG emissions.
Parcel land use and transportation system characteristics were calculated within a kilometre network buffer around each Toronto postal code. Built environment measures were linked with health and demographic characteristics from the Canadian Community Health Survey and travel behaviour from the Transportation Tomorrow Survey. Results were incorporated into an existing software tool and used to predict health-related indicators and GHG emissions for the Toronto West Don Lands Redevelopment.
Walkability, regional accessibility, sidewalks, bike facilities and recreation facility access were positively associated with physical activity and negatively related to body weight, high blood pressure and transportation impacts. When applied to the West Don Lands, the software tool predicted a substantial shift from automobile use to walking, biking and transit. Walking and biking trips more than doubled, and transit trips increased by one third. Per capita automobile trips decreased by half, and vehicle kilometres travelled and GHG emissions decreased by 15% and 29%, respectively.
The results presented are novel and among the first to link health outcomes with detailed built environment features in Canada. The resulting tool is the first of its kind in Canada. This tool can help policy-makers, land use and transportation planners, and health practitioners to evaluate built environment influences on health-related indicators and GHG emissions resulting from contrasting land use and transportation policies and actions.
创建并应用一种基于实证的健康与温室气体（GHG）影响评估工具，将详细的步行便利性和区域可达性指标与出行、身体活动、健康指标及温室气体排放联系起来。
在多伦多每个邮政编码区域周围一公里的网络缓冲区内计算地块土地利用和交通系统特征。将建成环境指标与加拿大社区健康调查中的健康和人口特征以及交通明日调查中的出行行为联系起来。结果被纳入现有的软件工具中，并用于预测多伦多西唐斯重建区与健康相关的指标和温室气体排放。
步行便利性、区域可达性、人行道、自行车设施和娱乐设施可达性与身体活动呈正相关，与体重、高血压及交通影响呈负相关。当应用于西唐斯地区时，该软件工具预测出行方式将从使用汽车大幅转向步行、骑自行车和乘坐公共交通。步行和骑自行车出行次数增加了一倍多，公共交通出行次数增加了三分之一。人均汽车出行次数减少了一半，车辆行驶公里数和温室气体排放分别减少了15%和29%。
所呈现的结果具有创新性，是加拿大首批将健康结果与详细的建成环境特征联系起来的研究之一。由此产生的工具在加拿大尚属首例。该工具可帮助政策制定者、土地利用和交通规划者以及健康从业者评估建成环境对因不同土地利用和交通政策及行动而产生的与健康相关指标和温室气体排放的影响。
