Gopinath Bamini, Russell Joanna, Sue Carolyn M, Flood Victoria M, Burlutsky George, Mitchell Paul
Centre for Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology and Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
School of Health and Society, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia.
Eur J Nutr. 2016 Apr;55(3):1081-7. doi: 10.1007/s00394-015-0921-2. Epub 2015 May 10.
Decreased smell could cause appetite suppression and malnutrition. However, there is a paucity of longitudinal data between olfaction and nutritional status in older adults. We aimed to prospectively examine the relationship between olfactory impairment and overall diet quality (reflecting adherence to dietary guidelines) in a population-based cohort of older adults.
We used 5-year follow-up data from 557 adults (aged 60+ years at baseline) whose olfaction was measured using the San Diego Odor Identification Test (SDOIT). Dietary data were collected using a validated semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire. A total diet score (TDS) was calculated for intake of selected food groups and nutrients for each participant as described in the national dietary guidelines. Final scores ranged from 0 to 20; higher scores indicated closer adherence to dietary guidelines.
After adjusting for all potential confounders, older adults with moderate/severe olfactory impairment (SDOIT score ≤ 3; lower scores indicate impairment) compared with those with no olfactory impairment had significantly lower adjusted mean (±SE) TDS, 9.09 (0.40) versus 9.94 (0.10), p = 0.04. Women with moderate/severe impaired olfaction (i.e., scored poorly on the odor identification test) compared with those with normal olfaction had significantly lower adjusted mean TDS, 8.87 (0.69) versus 10.31 (0.13), p = 0.04. No associations were observed between olfaction and TDS in men.
Olfactory impairment in older women could signal an increased risk of poorer diet quality, defined as adherence to national dietary guidelines. Additional longitudinal studies are needed to confirm or refute the observed link between olfactory loss and overall patterns of food intake in older adults.
嗅觉减退可能导致食欲抑制和营养不良。然而，关于老年人嗅觉与营养状况之间的纵向数据较少。我们旨在对一组基于人群的老年队列进行前瞻性研究，以探讨嗅觉障碍与总体饮食质量（反映对饮食指南的遵循情况）之间的关系。
我们使用了557名成年人（基线年龄60岁及以上）的5年随访数据，这些人的嗅觉通过圣地亚哥气味识别测试（SDOIT）进行测量。饮食数据通过经过验证的半定量食物频率问卷收集。按照国家饮食指南中的描述，为每位参与者计算所选食物组和营养素摄入量的总饮食得分（TDS）。最终得分范围为0至20分；得分越高表明对饮食指南的遵循程度越高。
在对所有潜在混杂因素进行调整后，中度/重度嗅觉障碍的老年人（SDOIT得分≤3；得分越低表明嗅觉障碍越严重）与无嗅觉障碍的老年人相比，调整后的平均（±标准误）TDS显著更低，分别为9.09（0.40）和9.94（0.10），p = 0.04。嗅觉中度/重度受损的女性（即气味识别测试得分较低）与嗅觉正常的女性相比，调整后的平均TDS显著更低，分别为8.87（0.69）和10.31（0.13），p = 0.04。在男性中未观察到嗅觉与TDS之间存在关联。
老年女性的嗅觉障碍可能预示着饮食质量较差（定义为遵循国家饮食指南）的风险增加。需要更多的纵向研究来证实或反驳所观察到的老年人嗅觉丧失与食物摄入总体模式之间的联系。
