Reinier van Arkel, Psychotraumacentrum Zuid Nederland, Den Bosch, the Netherlands
Clinical and Health Psychology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
Trauma Violence Abuse. 2016 Apr;17(2):186-203. doi: 10.1177/1524838015584355. Epub 2015 May 11.
The question as to whether or not children can be affected by the traumatization of their parents has been the topic of a long-standing debate. This article provides a critical review of 72 research studies on traumatized parents with symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), the parent-child interaction, and the impact on their nonexposed child (0-18 years). The evidence suggests that traumatization can cause parenting limitations, and these limitations can disrupt the development of the young child. From the studies reviewed several patterns emerged: Relational patterns of traumatized parents who are observed to be emotionally less available and who perceive their children more negatively than parents without symptoms of PTSD; relational patterns of children who at a young age are easily deregulated or distressed and at an older age are reported to face more difficulties in their psychosocial development than children of parents without symptoms of PTSD; and relational patterns that show remarkable similarities to relational patterns between depressed or anxious parents and their children. Mechanisms such as mentalization, attachment, physiological factors, and the cycle of abuse offer a valuable perspective to further our understanding of the relational patterns. This article builds on previous work by discussing the emerged patterns between traumatized parents and their nonexposed children from a relational and transactional perspective.
儿童是否会受到父母创伤的影响一直是一个长期存在的争论话题。本文对 72 项关于创伤后应激障碍（PTSD）症状的父母、父母-子女互动以及对其未暴露子女（0-18 岁）影响的研究进行了批判性回顾。有证据表明，创伤会导致养育限制，而这些限制会破坏幼儿的发展。从回顾的研究中出现了几种模式：创伤父母的关系模式，这些父母被观察到情感上不太投入，对孩子的看法比没有 PTSD 症状的父母更消极；幼儿时期容易失调或苦恼的儿童的关系模式，以及年龄较大时报告在心理社会发展方面比没有 PTSD 症状的父母的孩子面临更多困难的儿童的关系模式；以及与抑郁或焦虑父母及其子女之间的关系模式具有显著相似性的关系模式。心理化、依恋、生理因素和虐待循环等机制为进一步理解这些关系模式提供了有价值的视角。本文通过从关系和交互的角度讨论创伤父母与其未暴露子女之间出现的模式，对以前的工作进行了扩展。
