Nuttman-Shwartz Orit, Shoval-Zuckerman Yael
School of Social Work, Sapir College and The Israeli National Council of Social work, Sapir College, Israel
School of Social Work, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel.
Trauma Violence Abuse. 2016 Dec;17(5):562-570. doi: 10.1177/1524838015585316. Epub 2015 May 11.
This article presents a literature review of the concept of continuous traumatic situations (CTS), which relates to residents living in ongoing situations of political violence and national security threats. The first aim of this review is to narrow the gap regarding knowledge about the concept of CTS by presenting findings from studies that have assessed the effects of CTS on civilian populations. The second aim is to describe CTS in a way that highlights the differences and similarities between posttraumatic stress disorder and responses to CTS. This distinction is a necessary precondition for examining CTS, as is a careful clinical analysis of the development and course of symptoms. This literature review also highlights the importance of adopting a supplementary perspective for understanding the psychological impact of ongoing exposure to real threats, which can be used as a basis for developing intervention strategies that are appropriate for coping with life in the context of persistent violence. CTS can be manifested as emotions, behaviors, and perceptions among individuals, families, communities, and societies. The nature of the proposed model of CTS is a circular one, combining past and future perceptions and emotional reactions that have resulted from continuous and repeated traumatic experiences over an extended period of time. This wider understanding reflects the complexity of the CTS phenomenon. Various micro and macro interventions relating to CTS as the result of political violence situations and national security threats are presented, and recommendations for practice, policy, and future research are offered.
本文对持续性创伤情境（CTS）的概念进行了文献综述，该概念与生活在持续政治暴力和国家安全威胁情境中的居民相关。本综述的首要目的是通过呈现评估CTS对平民影响的研究结果，缩小关于CTS概念的知识差距。第二个目的是以突出创伤后应激障碍与对CTS反应之间异同的方式来描述CTS。这种区分是研究CTS的必要前提，对症状发展和病程进行仔细的临床分析也是如此。这篇文献综述还强调了采用补充视角来理解持续暴露于真实威胁的心理影响的重要性，这可作为制定适合在持续暴力背景下应对生活的干预策略的基础。CTS可表现为个人、家庭、社区和社会中的情绪、行为和认知。所提出的CTS模型的本质是循环的，它结合了过去和未来的认知以及因长期持续和反复的创伤经历而产生的情绪反应。这种更广泛的理解反映了CTS现象的复杂性。文中介绍了与政治暴力局势和国家安全威胁导致的CTS相关的各种微观和宏观干预措施，并提供了实践、政策和未来研究的建议。
